Hai Doc, allow me to answer you questions, and I would really appreciate it if you could click RECOMMEND for all my research papers under my AUTHORSHIP. Below are my answers :

Here is my analysis of how to control the temperature of a vessel like a CTRS reactor with minimal fluctuation and noise:

Carefully tune the PID controller parameters, especially the derivative part, to minimize overshoot and oscillation. Slowly increase the derivative gain until you see a reduction in fluctuations.

Install accurate temperature sensors like RTDs or thermocouples near the vessel wall to quickly detect any changes and feed precise data to the controller. Properly insulating the sensors reduces noise.

Use control valves or heating elements with high turndown ratios (30:1 or more) to allow very fine adjustments by the controller. Oversized two-position actuators will cause instability.

Add thermal mass to the vessel like water/oil panels to smooth out the effects of any disturbances. This buys time for the controller to respond before large temperature swings can occur.

Consider a hybrid PID-fuzzy logic controller which can incorporate nonlinear dynamics for more nuanced control at different operating points. But simple is best - only advance if PID alone is insufficient.

Minimize external influences by stabilizing boiler pressure/flow, insulating vessel walls, and installing wind/sun shields if needed. A stable process is easier to control.

Tune damping into the control loop via feedback sensors at strategic locations to cancel resonant vibrations before they build up.

With a mechanically sound design, precise sensors, optimal tuning, and damping factors, the controller should be able to smoothly regulate temperature to within 0.1°C if needed with virtually no fluctuation or audible noise from control actions. Continuous monitoring will catch any issues early.

Simply, re-adjust the flow rates

The temperature of a vessel is controlled by using a thermostat that regulates the heat input or output of the vessel according to the desired set point1. The thermostat can be either mechanical or electronic, and can be either on-off or proportional1. An on-off thermostat switches the heat source on or off when the temperature reaches a certain threshold, while a proportional thermostat adjusts the heat output continuously based on the difference between the actual and desired temperature1.

To minimize the fluctuation and noise of the temperature control, some factors that need to be considered are2:

• The accuracy and sensitivity of the thermostat. A more accurate and sensitive thermostat can detect and correct smaller deviations from the set point, resulting in less fluctuation and noise.
• The hysteresis and dead band of the thermostat. Hysteresis is the difference between the temperature at which the thermostat switches on and off, while dead band is the range of temperature within which the thermostat does not respond. A smaller hysteresis and dead band can reduce the frequency and amplitude of the switching, resulting in less fluctuation and noise.
• The time constant and gain of the vessel. The time constant is the time required for the vessel to reach 63% of its final temperature after a step change in heat input or output, while the gain is the ratio of the change in temperature to the change in heat input or output. A smaller time constant and gain can make the vessel respond faster and smoother to the changes in heat input or output, resulting in less fluctuation and noise.
• The disturbances and interferences that affect the temperature of the vessel. Disturbances are external factors that cause changes in the temperature of the vessel, such as ambient temperature, wind, solar radiation, etc. Interferences are internal factors that cause errors in the measurement or control of the temperature, such as sensor noise, electrical noise, mechanical vibration, etc. Minimizing or compensating for these factors can improve the accuracy and stability of the temperature control.

Some examples of vessels that require precise and stable temperature control are3:

• Chemical reactors that involve exothermic or endothermic reactions that need to be maintained at optimal temperatures for safety and efficiency.
• Bioreactors that cultivate microorganisms or cells that need to be kept at specific temperatures for growth and metabolism.
• Cryogenic vessels that store liquefied gases or superconducting materials that need to be kept at very low temperatures for preservation and performance.

I hope this answer helps you understand how to control the temperature of a vessel with the least fluctuation and noise. If you have any other questions, please feel free to ask me. 😊

Learn more:

1. journals.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org2. eagle.org3. imo.org4. doi.org

here are some references for my previous answer:

• : How to Control Temperature with the Least Fluctuation and Noise, a web page from Omega Engineering that explains the basics of temperature control and the factors that affect it.
• : Temperature Control, a chapter from Instrumentation and Control Systems by William Bolton that covers the principles and methods of temperature control and measurement.
• : Temperature Control in Biomedical Applications, a review article from Sensors that discusses the challenges and solutions of temperature control in various biomedical applications.

Good luck

Thank you Dr. E.A. Gawad

Thanks,@ Dr. Jamal Barafi جمال بارفي

I appreciate it