I. INTRODUCTION

P HOTONIC crystal fibers (PCFs) [1]–[3], also called holey

fibers or microstructured optical fibers, have been under

intensive study for the past several years as they offer a number

of unique and useful properties not achievable in standard silica

glass fibers. PCFs fall into two basic categories. The first one,

an index-guiding PCF [4], [5], is usually formed by a central

solid defect region surrounded by multiple air holes in a regular

triangular lattice and confines light by total internal reflection

like standard fibers. The second one uses a perfect periodic

structure exhibiting a photonic band-gap (PBG) effect at the

operating wavelength to guide light in a low index core region,

which is also called PBG fiber (PBGF) [6], [7].

Numerical simulations play an important role for the design

and modeling of PCFs. So far, various modeling methods in

which not only a full-vector model but also an approximatescalar

model is used have been developed such as effective

index approach [5], [8], plane-wave expansion (PWE)

method [9]–[12], localized-function method [13]–[16], multipole

method (MM) [17]–[21], beam propagation method

(BPM) [22]–[24], finite-difference method (FDM) [25], finitedifference

time-domain method (FDTD) [26]–[28], boundary

element method (BEM) [29], [30], and finite-element method

(FEM) [31]–[54]. An approximate-scalar model is a valuable

tool for aiding fabrication efforts because it is easy to use and

provides good qualitative information. However, in order to

model PCFs accurately, it is crucial to use a full-vector model.

In particular, a complete vector model is necessary for predicting

sensitive quantities such as dispersion and birefringence...

More detail read paper attached and a link for more.. Thanks

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6199068&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D6199068