Nations vary greatly in their education of children in general and not, surprisingly, in their education of children with disabilities. One of the most frustrating things for me is misunderstanding of the diversity of disabilities, as well as the ways in which disabilities are essentially different from other types of diversity (e.g., skin color, parentage, social status, income, religion, sexual preference) in achieving social justice. The idea that social justice can be achieved through "including" children with disabilities in general education is, in my judgment, one of the most popular but pernicious ideas.

There are several key issues that arise. Whilst in the western tradition, there have been some progress made in the debate around what is disability and an inclusive society, this has been terms in the individual not the collective experience. Disability in non western societies has a different set of meanings and therefore a different priority. The problem with globalization, it is often a rush to the bottom when it comes to the idea of human rights expressed in other cultural contexts especially non western understandings.

I've worked 15 years with intellectual disabilities and it is true that social policy is the first step for inclusion, and also believe that the attitude of parents is very important but if you have no money or family social assistance will not access the additional work, time and effort needs, you need a person with disabilities, also clear affection but that puts "supposed" family. In Spain the disability is best represented social and political level there is scientific proof of this is that only a psychology journal, which is not JCR, is dedicated to, and major magazine publishing is very difficult disability, at least to me indicate that I address journals.

Sorry for my English but I am a result of poor education policy level languages ​​of my country, in order and other things.

regards

Thanks James and Brian for your answers. Education and education policy are important social determinants which impacts children and adults with disabilities, especially when low education level is associated with low socioeconomic status. In my opinion, in general, disabilities are not put as priority in many health policies, for example. Polices based on the concept of social justice requires that we examine society as a whole to advance the fairness rights of people with disabilities.

I would also recommend having a look at critical disability studies and consider how globalization constructs notions of a "normal" body at different places in the social landscape.

Here are some references you might check out:

Anastasiou, D., & Kauffman, J. M. (2013). The social model of disability: Dichotomy between impairment and disability. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 38, 441-459.

Anastasiou, D., & Kauffman, J. M. (2012). Disability as cultural difference: Implications for special education. Remedial and Special Education, 33, 139-149.

Anastasiou, D., & Kauffman, J. M. (2011). A social constructivist approach to disability: Implications for special education. Exceptional Children, 77, 367-384.

Anastasiou, D., & Keller, C. (2011). International differences in provision for exceptional learners. In J. M. Kauffman & D. P. Hallahan (Eds.), Handbook of special education (pp. 773-787). New York: Taylor & Francis.

Globalisation poses many problems to social policies addressed to people with disabilities (as well as to any oppressed social group). However, it is also enabling new connections and alliances at a transnational level, as for example within the disability rights movement, fostered by the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The challenge is to transform this international framework into local policies, which implies rethinking social justice policies as a whole.

Thanks Robles and Miriam for your thoughts and James for the references. I think Miriam there is a need for more advocacy related to disability policies. Advocacy is an important component for an effective policy framework that covers individual and system.

People with disability frequently face many barriers and lack of equal opportunities that impede their capacity to participate in society resulting in poorer outcomes in several areas of their lives.

If an idea is globaly accepted then is valuable If we talk about strategies to put the idea in the head of different people, there is much evidence that policies don't change attitudes or the proccess is very slow. Inclusion is a value based on the rights but inlusive education is economic justification. It costs less to establish and maintain schools that educate all children together than to set up a complex system of different schools ‘specialising’ indifferent groups of children. Globalization in an other aspect destroyed the production in small countries

Globailization can help to improve full inclusion of people with disabilities in all areas, in particular in their social and labour situation.

Zigmond, N., & Kloo, A. (2011). General and special education are (and should be) different. In J. M. Kauffman & D. P. Hallahan (Eds.), Handbook of special education (pp. 160-172). New York: Taylor & Francis.

Heward, W. L., & Silvestri, S. M. (2005). The neutralization of special education. In J. W. Jacobson, R. M. Foxx, & J. A. Mulick (Eds.), Controversial therapies for developmental disabilities: Fad, fashion, and science in professional practice (pp. 193-214). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Yes, agree that disability studies can contribute and that globalisation has the potential to improve the situation of people with disability. However, globalisation also includes by its nature a mobility component and this can have a series of complications for people with disability. For example, many national assistance packages to people with disability with higher support needs have geographic limitations on accepting the packages and living in other countries. The other consideration is the issues surrounding airline travel that has been recognised as a significant constraint for people with mobility disability. See the following paper that is available on researchgate:

Darcy, S. (2012). (dis)embodied air travel experiences: Disability, discrimination and the affect of a discontinuous air travel chain. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 19(e8 August), 1-11.

Thank you all for your contributions. I think there is a lack of literature and evidences on the impactos of globalization on disabilities. There is a need to produce more research in this area.

Http://dsq-sds.org/article/view/1272/1302

One of the problems of globalisation is that it tends to be framed within values of the North and the global south is at the periphery. In terms of disability this means we have a lot of focus on rights based approaches to disability in reaction to medicalisation. But on the African continent the frameworks of indigenous knowledge are overlooked in the global perspective. A further problem that has developed is that disability realted matters (for example, inlcusive education) are often funded by large international donors and remain out of the mainstream and political struggle for funds within African countries.

The effects of globalization on people with disabilities are complex and differ from country to country, by the type of disability, and other factors, such as the segment of society. For example, in developed countries that are experiencing greater economic disparities, there may be losses in social support, in developing countries that are experiencing economic benefits, some marginalized people with disabilities may experience greater access to the workforce and to supports while others are left without the supports that were previously available through extended families and local communities. This is also complicated by migrations to cities and immigration that isolate families.

Can we stop the globalization? If not - lets try to use it to achieve as positive results as it is possible.

Globalization has both positive and negative influence on everyday life of people with disabilties. Positive may be easier sharing of ideas and solutions, and easier access to the novel knowledge and sometimes even technology. Telemedical technologies are still something uncommon, but they may change face of the health care in the future, especially in the rural areas. Prices of the medical technical dvices and services may lover in time, I hope. Then we can help more patients, even in poor countries.

Hi Emilia,

Thanks for your comments. Indeed, globalization has benefits for developed and developing countries. We should aim to achieve more equity in these benefits because currently, the positive results of the globalization is well achieved only n developed countries.

As both an academic and a person who has dealt with a disability for the past thirty years, I am still waiting to be treated with the same courtesy and respect accorded those without disabilities. This is a societal issue that has existed for years. The OECD countries need to clean up their own houses before imposing their values on the developing countries of the world.

Hi Mirella et al. in this discussion thread. I just published a piece of research that has partial answers relevant to the question Mirella has posed. Here is the preprint.

Walker, G., Yockey, M., & Wone, B. W.M. (2022). Globalization and Addiction Disabilities in Working Populations: Global Correlates to Living with Disabilities Due to Alcohol, Tobacco, Drugs, and Food Overconsumption. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-022-00834-wAvailable online at https://rdcu.be/cObzs

Here is my published article that relates to this topic:

Walker, G., Yockey, M., & Wone, B. W.M. (2022). Globalization and Addiction Disabilities in Working Populations: Global Correlates to Living with Disabilities Due to Alcohol, Tobacco, Drugs, and Food Overconsumption. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-022-00834-wAvailable online at https://rdcu.be/cObzsor https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11469-022-00834-w.pdf

• Disability and globalization are interconnected with each other.Globalization has made people more aware about the visible and invisible disability.Specially parents are now more conscious about the proper treatment and education system for their disabled children.
• Access of information has made people aware about the rights of disabled people..which is helping disable people and their family members.