Many programs can save different data formats into a file with a *.dat extension, Unless you solved your problem already with the advice above, you need to specify the file format better or at least name the software that created the file. If the file is in text format (like a table with readable lines), usually the problem is the correct delimiter, sometimes missing columns. The following R document should also help: http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/r-release/R-data.pdf
Can a .dat file be translated into an ascii or a raster file? Im currently trying to convert this file to a raster that I can work with in R. http://nsidc.org/data/NSIDC-0063
If your .dat files come out of CR1000 datalogger with compact flash card (TOB3 format), you might use Loggernet or PC200W software. There is a utility called Card Convert, which enables you to convert .dat into TOA5