The layered materials, also called the van der Waals (vdWs) materials, are those having strong in-plane bonding and weak vdWs interactions in out-of-plane directions (e.g. graphene or h-BN). The in-plane electrical conduction/conductivity is justified by the movement of "free" electrons through bonds but how these electrons conduct through the out-of-plane directions as there are only weak interactions present? Do electron move by the phenomenon of hopping? and if there is hopping which type of hopping would be this? What would be the range of hopping (At which distance electrons can exhibit the hopping phenomenon)?