How could we make the gold wire (purchased from the company, diameter ~0.3mm) positively or negatively charged?
Any molecule bearing a thiol group and a charged moiety will do the trick. From the top of my head: mercaptoptopionic acid, thiol-peg-amine, thiol-peg-cooh, etc, thioctic acid, etc.
You can read this question 2 ways - one is looking at functionalizing the surface with appropriate molecules as Omar has indicated above - in a similar manner to charge stabilization for colloidal matter. The other is to treat the question exactly as it is stated - one can charge any material by addition or removal of electrons - a tribological effect (rubbing a balloon and sticking it to a wall; cat's fur; amber rods; van der Graaf generators; gold leaf electroscope etc). So use of an appropriate charge generation system as found in powder coatings (e.g. https://www.reliantfinishingsystems.com/powder-coating-gun-settings/) will do the trick too.
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