I am not quite sure what you are after. Do you want rules for an expert system, or an ontology? Perhaps the MeSH medical classification  terminology is what you are after - http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/meshhome.html . What are you meaning by "languages"? Human languages or codified systems within an expert system?

Dear Michael Niemann

I mean the language for coding rules. actually I want knowledge bases like expert systems. 

(I apologize for intermediate question : I want knowledge sources that give me some rules for a specific request, what kind of rule is that?)  

There is a good number of proposals in the academia to describe medical rules, e.g. for describing clinical decision support system or computerised guidelines (Arden, Glare, Glif, etc.). Perhaps, Arden syntax might be a starting point if you are thinking of a DSS implementation:

http://www.hl7.org/implement/standards/product_brief.cfm?product_id=268

The largest and most comprehensive hierarchical vocabulary of medical terms is SNOMED Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT). It is more a knowledge taxonomy than an ontology, but it is currently the best knowledge base of general medical terms there is. 

References:

• http://www.ihtsdo.org/snomed-ct
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNOMED_CT

There are several other medical ontologies under development but they are significantly less expressive (i.e. smaller) than SNOMED. Some are academic and open/free, some are commercial. Additionally, a great deal of these projects is unfinished and the work on them stopped a while back.

• Ontology for General Medical Science (OGMS), https://code.google.com/p/ogms/
• GALEN and the "Galen-Core" high-level ontology for medicine.
• GuideLine Interchange Format (GLIF), a computer-interpretable language for modeling and executing clinical practice guidelines that can be easily integrated into Protege ontology builder.
• Collaborative Open Ontology Development Environment project (CO-ODE), Medical Informatics Group at the University of Manchester
• LinKBase, knowledge base of over 1 million language-independent medical concepts featuring an ontology with a formal conceptual description of the medical domain, Language and Computing N.V., Belgium
• The Medical Ontology Research program, Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications. The aim was to develop a sound medical ontology to enable various knowledge processing applications to communicate with one another.
• The ONIONS methodology, designed to build the ON9 medical ontology.
• MedO, a bio-medical ontology developed at the Institute of Formal Ontology and Medical Information Systems, Germany.

My advice would be to first take a look at SNOMED, OGMS, GALEN and - by all means - GLIF.

Kind regards,

Marko

I am not sure, Saba, whether all the - meticulously assembled: kudos - references do help you, because I still am unsure what you're after. Could you give us some (fake) examples of such a rule, please?

for example in another domain:

fish is an animal that has is in sea and gill-bearing and has fin    

it is implemented in rule as:

fish -> is-a  animal , leave  water  ,   breath   gill-bearing  , body-shape  fin 

there is some tools and methods for showing this kind of rules in machine understandable form. most of usage of this kind rules is in expert systems(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_system)

I want some kind of these rules(even a small knowledge base).

thanks

in medical domain for example rules that partially describe a disease by its  sympathies. for example blood temperature or skin color (I dont have experience in this area :) ) 

salam khanom Actually from My experience as I'm PHD student in malaysia now you can find it by interview for expert people and check what the knowledge the use , what the knowledge they send and receive, what the main media or channel they use to transfer and so on to built your knowledge base depends on the answer.

for any question you can send me I'm ready or any paper you want I can help you 

have a nice time 

You see, Saba, from the examples you gave, I assume that you need to narrow down your search. Basically, in the early day of knowledge based systems (e.g. Mycin in the 70s) people tried to express the relationship between symptoms and diseases, for instance as probabilities. This approach has some value, but also quite significant methodological weaknesses. If could explain some, but I am not sure whether this helps you in any way. After all, the intent to use "rules" like this would be to infer e.g a diagnosis given signs and symptoms which no longer falls into the realm of natural language generation. Is this what you're after?

yes I mean some thing like that.

whats your idea about focus? I have no idea about the fields so no chance to narrow down. could you explain me some?

So what is state of the art in health expert system? 

Sorry, Saba, for being unclear. The thing is, that the idea of a general expert system that embodies all knowledge a medical professional has, and that furthermore is able to apply the same kinds of reasoning (temporal, spatial, causal, reasoning und uncertainty etc.), is probably no longer uphold by anybody.

In the way of application, focus has shifted to more concrete scenarios of "decision support". For example the selection of a chemotherapy scheme for an oncology patient, whether to treat a patient as septic or triaging patients in the emergency department could be application areas for such a decision support.

The idea here is that you

a) can reduce the amount of knowledge you need to put it (and keep up to date!),

b) can rely on only a subset of the aforementioned reasoning modes, and

c) have a clear scenario which typically involves IT solutions where a decision support functionality could be integrated.

As all this is off-topic wrt. NLG, my I ask you that we continue this dialog either under a different heading (or privately via mail) so we don't irritate people?

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC130080/

only in experts (medicals)