‘’One format does not fit all,” “It is a complicated world in doctoral education’ ’Can we have a global PhD dissertation, that address global challenges in 21st century university curriculum or regional experts? PhDs are assessed in very different ways around the world. Almost all involve a written thesis, but those come in many forms. In the United Kingdom, they are usually monographs, long explanations of a student's work; in Scandinavia, science students typically top-and-tail a series of their publications. The accompanying oral examination - also called a viva voce or defence - can be a public lecture, a private discussion or not happen at all. There is wide variation across disciplines and from one institution to the next.

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