How can it be understood that the role of tropical-extratropical system interactions play a role in the formation of atmospheric rivers and the provision of moisture for heavy rains in Iran?
Identify extreme weather hazard conditions and determine associated pressure patterns, including sections
Synoptic climatology is important (Alijani 2012). Atmospheric-climatic hazards are sometimes called social challenges. Sustainable economic development and critical conditions are referred to as the ability to manage extreme events (WMO, 2009). Extreme weather events are defined as rare and unusual weather hazards (Bartolini et al. 2008) that are located in the frequency distribution sequence away from the central point of the distribution (mean and median) (Asakere 2012). Extreme events are those events whose values exceed the threshold, that is, the values of a certain variable in a given period are higher or lower than normal, so that different thresholds should be set for that variable in different regions (Baker ). et al. 2007). Statistically extreme hazards involve large or small amounts of elements in a set (Benstad 2006). According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007), an extreme climate hazard is a hazard that is rare at a particular location and time of year. The study of extreme weather hazards has attracted the attention of researchers due to the heavy consequences of these phenomena on various socio-economic and agricultural sectors of each country. Today, it has been proven that changes in the intensity and frequency of these hazards can have a more destructive effect on human health, social units, and natural systems than changes in the moderate climate (Erfanian 2017). Precipitation, fluctuations, patterns, and intensity are among the important elements of climate that need to be known to understand climate (Mozaffari et al. 2017). Extreme precipitation varies from one region to another (IPCC, 2007), and this difference depends on the average rainfall of each region. Studies indicate an increase in extreme precipitation in different parts of the world, for example, an increase in extreme precipitation in Japan (Fujib et al. 2006), the Caspian coast in Iran (Oji and Ghafarian 2018), China (Shi et al. 2018), Singapore (Brown et al. 2010), northeastern United States (Alexander et al. 2017), Australia (Klen and Konnen 2003), and increased global annual and daily maximum precipitation (Asadieh and Krakauer 2015). However, its changes may not have the same pattern in different parts of the world (IPCC 2013). In the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), the IPCC confirmed an increase in the number of extreme precipitation events over the past 50 years. The number of years with higher and lower precipitation in the last century (1901-2017) reached 9.64% and 33.7%, indicating an increase in the number of years with heavy precipitation. According to the IPCC, warming was about 74% between 1906 and 2005. The increasing trend of extreme climatic elements is one of the most important and worst effects of global warming. It is hypothesized that increased air temperature increases atmospheric moisture evaporation from large water bodies, which accelerates the water cycle and increases the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation (IPCC, 2007; Ale and Ingram, 2002; Santos 2011; Dankers 2013; Willitt 2007), whose effect is usually more than moderate. precipitation (Trenberth 2011). The occurrence of extreme precipitation is more sensitive to climate change (Penn, cited in Katz and Brown, 2020). The importance of the studies conducted in the field of heavy rains is due to the direct and indirect effects of this phenomenon on human life and activities, which justifies the need to pay attention to this climatic phenomenon (Ghior et al. 2012). Synoptic identification of precipitation systems is an important point in the investigation of heavy precipitation events because it can be effective for predicting heavy precipitation events and dealing with them (Mozaffari et al. 2017).
Tropical-extratropical interactions (TEIs) refer to the interactions between the atmospheric circulation patterns of these two regions that occur in a wide variety of processes at different scales. These interactions are caused by the penetration of high-level depressions into the tropical region at the synoptic and planetary scale of Rossby waves in high and low latitudes and semi-permanent tropical-extratropical low-level convergence zones, which lead to the transport of moisture from the tropical region. to the subtropics (De Vries, et al., 2012, 2016; Kumar, et al., 2019; Almazrouei, et al., 2016). Parts of the Middle East and several dry subtropical regions such as northwest Africa, southwest North America, South Africa, and South America are affected by heavy rains and winds. These events are often the result of tropical-extratropical interactions (De Vries et al. 2016; Al-Khaldi et al. 2017).
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- Agricultural Science
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