It may be some type of 'connectivity' of some sort of network ( trade linkages?) map, but probably not a road connectivity map - obviously, some of the lines representing the links cross the intervening village polygons. Also, the nodes don't seem to match up with actual highway intersections, but seem to coincide with the centroids of the village polygons. Some of the nodes also land in large empty areas, not built up population centers
What is your research goal - there is quite a range of effort between a simple illustrations and a fully featured roadway routing map for driving directions.
I do not know what that map is attempting to portray ( or analyze ). To make something similar, the steps are very basic.
In Data View:
1. Download some shapefiles for the appropriate jurisdictional areas - maybe villages, but that example map doesn't match up with the official village boundaries ( those can change overtime ). Maybe shapefiles for the other higher level jurisdictions up to the national boundary if you want some sort of context map inset, or for filtering the village dataset.
2. Select the village polygons you need and export from that layer to a new layer.
3. Generate the polygons centroids of the new layer to get the node points.
4. Create a new empty polyline layer. Use the Edit tools to 'connect the dots' between the nodes you want connected.
Switch to Layout View:
5. Adjust the symbology of the layers to suit.
6. place and size your data
7. Add whatever annotations, markup, notes, scales etc. needed.
This does not give you a 'road network' map. It merely approximates the technique sued to make the example map.
Important: This is just a Drawing of a network, not a Model of a network with topology one can do analytics on.