Goebbert, C., Nonninger, R., Aegerter, M.A. and Schmidt, H., 1999. Wet chemical deposition of ATO and ITO coatings using crystalline nanoparticles redispersable in solutions. Thin Solid Films, 351(1-2), pp.79-84.
I am attaching one paper in which the author did the comparative study of transparent conductive coatings with two chemical routes, one using a conventional sol and the other a suspension of dispersed crystalline ITO nanoparticles. He explains why a sol – gel ITO coating exhibits a low porosity (P= 28%) and a columnar structure while the other type shows a higher porosity (P= 52%) and a granular structure in his paper