I just type the cas # into google when I get a NIST result that is a ridiculous long IUPAC name. Almost always times the common usage name will come up in the top few search results.
Steven Schoenfeld's answer will get you basic information, sometimes even a link to original research or a Wiki page.
Which of your classes they fall into depends on their chemical structure - NIST library hits include the structure, and you then need to use your knowledge of chemistry to classify them.
The CAS number is just a database index and it is probably out of date as a way of identifying compounds. One difficulty is that a given chemical entity can have several numbers (depending for example on the salt form).
If you search for the CAS number in ChemSpider, you will find the structure, and (under 'more details') the systematic name together with its SMILES and InChi text representations. All three are totally unambiguous descriptions of the structure. The toxicity/genotoxicity expert systems I have seen use SMILES for input.
ChemSpider also gives a huge amount of data and links to data sources - and even to Wikipedia.