The scientific experience has a broader conception of the traditional one because it includes both the direct understanding, the immediately observable in its evidence from sensitive topic, and the indirect one, apparent from data that can not fall within the common sensibility, such as those concerning the cosmological or subatomic phenomena, but which originate from other established and verified observations, linked to this type of phenomena.
Experience used in science in addition to common observation is then "artificial" intervention of the scientist who organizes sensitive data inserting them into schemes of statistical nature, as in 'experientia litterata' of Francis Bacon made orderly writing data in 'tabulae', or that through the experiment, as in Galileo, driving natural phenomena to the demonstration of a theory.
In this way the concept of experience greatly expanded which in addition to conventional sensory and emotional factors today includes logical, mathematical and technological factors that renders more complex the epistemological interpretation.
In the history of thought the main problem, once gained confidence in empirical data drawn from reason, was to determine how the acquired knowledge could be attributed to experience or to reason.
According to the empiricists that of the intellect would be an empty and inconclusive activity with no empirical data due to the sensitive reception. It was necessary, however, to distinguish the primary and immediate elements of experience, feelings and impressions, from those relationships between the sensitive data that serve to organize and sort them and without which the empirical data would be a chaotic mixture of sensations.
This aspect of the relationships that determine the ordered structure of experience was analyzed in detail by John Locke and David Hume and became central to modern epistemology which poses the question of whether those relationships simply result from an accumulation of pure sensitive data that cause, in the end, the order of experience, as argued by the sensism or positivist materialism, or whether it is rationality which, intervening predominantly, establishes that order, as it was in the doctrines of Leibniz, of idealism and spiritualism of the late nineteenth century.
With the establishment and spreading of evolutionary theory of Darwin the problem of the relationship between experience and reason became complicated with the new question of the origin and development of the human spirit. Two theories opposed each other: the naturalistic one, headed by Spencer, according to which even those that are considered to be innate properties of the intellect are in fact the result of a natural evolution, and the historicist one, that comes with Hegel, according to which the human spirit is born and grows depending on the historical conditions in which it lives and works.
Galileo and, before him, Copernicus managed to convince the world that experience of reality requires a critical attitude, as it in itself is not something identical to the world of objects. It is true that experience is the touchstone of the theory, however now the everyday life, to be true, must be transformed into scientific experience. And this transformation must follow basic guidelines: before deciding on the 'why' you have to answer the question of 'how'. To do this you must set up the structure of experimental situations in which the observation of the phenomena at a 'pure' state is possible. The data of experience are used to formulate hypotheses about the fundamental configuration of reality, usually expressed in mathematical language
According to the view of scientists of Galilean formation, experience is not the basis from which it is possible to derive the fundamental truth of a theory, because it can always deceive. Experience and then the experiment can 'suggest' at best new ideas, while their main function is to be tools of verification of the theory by comparing its ultimate consequences with the empirical data.