Primarily, there are two ways of publishing new research findings: as a paper in conference proceedings and as a journal paper.
Besides publishing paper in proceedings, attending conferences have immense impact on the research communities and also in development of science. Conferences are direct platforms for networking with the researchers - good and effective ways to get acquainted with the experts, direct interaction and exchange views; good places for disseminating information and discussing new results with the colleagues, particularly the international conferences where audiences are from various countries. Researchers get scope for quick overview on the recent developments in the subject and to build new collaborations.
Authors of good conference papers may extend their conference papers into journal versions. But, to be accepted, the extended version must contain a large amount of new material.
Many prefer to submit their work to journals instead of submitting at conferences because of constraints like registration fees, expenditure related to travel, non-availability of time due to other engagements etc.