Soil organic matter dynamics are influenced by climate, vegetation, microbial activity, soil texture, pH levels, land use, drainage, and parent material. Climate, including temperature and rainfall, affects decomposition rates, while vegetation types contribute varying quantities of organic material. Microbial activity, influenced by pH and moisture, plays a vital role in decomposition. Soil texture and land use practices impact organic matter retention and depletion. Proper management, including organic farming and reduced tillage, is essential for enhancing soil organic matter, crucial for soil fertility and sustainability.