We are planing to summarize some prospective researches to fill the evolution in thermodynamics. I am looking forward to your recommendation of your research or others.
I'm unsecure what you're talking about: Is it about the historical evolution of thermodynamics or the connection between (biological) evolution and thermodynamics? Are you looking for recent research results or for text books providing an overview?
To start with, you may find Jitao Wang: Book Modern Thermodynamics
worth reading.
To name an example of application that is also an active field of research: dynamics of biomolecules (e.g. proteins, peptides), see e.g. Jeremy Smith 's pub list. A lot of application can be seen for all sorts of statistical mechanics, but that's not necessarily genuine thermodynamics, see e.g. @H. Eugene Stanley's.
Guoliang An
Please find attached papers whose references may be helpful
for your project. Please, let me know, if you want some help.
Best regards
W.M.
Logical error of the second law of thermodynamics:
1. There are many kinds of type 2 perpetual motion machines. Behind each type is a natural phenomenon.
Machine A: against the irreversibility of thermodynamics (diffusion, heat conduction, friction, etc) - dynamics;
Machine B: Utilizing the Difference of Carnot Efficiency (Reversible Thermodynamics) - Thermodynamics
2. A and B belong to different disciplines. There is a parallel relationship between them, and there is no logical mutual inevitability.
Heat 2 Logic: Experience induction, deny that A machine==》 B machine can not be manufactured==》 All material Kano efficiency: 1-T1/T2.
3. Logical of the second law of thermodynamics violates the physical logic that A and B cannot be inferred from each other.
4. the second law of thermodynamics elevates the "irreversibility", but it is only a kinetic experience.
5. See the annex for details.
Entropy is not a state variable, and there is a physical difference between it and internal energy.
In the textbook, the ideal gas entropy: S = n * Cv * In (T) +nR * In (V);
There are two problems:
1. The natural logarithm In(x) will submerge the unit system of volume and temperature [m3], [K].
2. The unit of temperature may be [K], or [mK]; the unit of volume may be [m3], or [cm3]. The results are different and the calculation lacks stability.
Entropy is only a process quantity: DS = n * Cv * In (T2/T1) + nR * In (V2/V1); it has physical significance.
Internal energy is a state quantity, and entropy is only a process quantity. There are physical differences between them.
Internal energy U is conserved and can have the meaning of total differential dU = Ut * dT + Uv * dV - correct.
Entropy is only a process quantity, not a state quantity. Total differential is meaningless: dS = St * dT + Sv * dV - - incorrect.
Entropy is not conservative, even in reversible cycles, it can increase or decrease.
Thermodynamics has some problems in describing ideal gases.
The second law of thermodynamics is far too out of line with the deviation rate of 10-80 times？
1. Doctor asked me to build a perpetual motion machine, so I won't be fooled.
In 1905, Einstein put forward the theory of relativity. The atomic bomb was produced in 1945. After 1905, scientists quickly recognized the theory of relativity. There is no need to wait 40 years. Human beings have brains and rationality.
2. Reality has a perpetual motion.
**********************************************
3. When the second law of thermodynamics is applied to capillary phenomena, there is Kelvin's formula.
3.1, P1 - capillary liquid surface vapor pressure
P--Horizontal liquid surface vapor pressure
Ro ---- Steam Density
h ---- height of liquid column.
3.2, theoretical results of the second law of thermodynamics: P1 = P 0 - ro*g*h
Experiments: P1=P-(10-80)ro*g*h
The second law of thermodynamics is far too out of line with the deviation rate of 4,10-80 times.
5. The capillary experiment negates the Kelvin formula and the second law (that an isolated system must have an equilibrium state).
6. It is easy to imagine that the gas evaporates from the horizontal liquid surface, enters the capillary from the outside (gas phase), condenses, and returns to the horizontal position from the liquid phase, and starts again and again.
7. See the attached drawings for details.
Quantitative prediction of the second law of thermodynamics is inaccurate. Scientists can hardly ride on tigers and only rely on fraud to maintain.
The second law of thermodynamics is "irreversible", "dissipation" and "statistics". In fact, we should be concerned about whether the quantitative calculation of the second law of thermodynamics is correct. Here is the Clapellon formula.
(dP/dT)*T=λ/(V1-V2) - - the same as in figure 7-2-2
1. This is the Clapellon formula, which involves vapor pressure, gas-liquid density, and heat of gasification.
2. Vapor pressure and gas-liquid density are easy to measure accurately, but the heat of vaporization is difficult to measure.
According to Clapellon's formula, the vaporization heat is calculated by using vapor pressure and gas-liquid density, which shows the theoretical value.
3. Later, with the development of instruments and the increase of accurate measurement data of gasification heat, it was found that the vaporization heat calculated earlier by Law 2 was not accurate. See the following figure - "Properties of Gases and Liquids"
4. The second law of thermodynamics disappoints everyone.
5. However, the vapor pressure, gas-liquid density and gasification heat on the enthalpy-entropy chart satisfy the Clapellon formula. This is done by sorting out the data. To put it plainly, it's fraud. Scientists are also difficult to ride on tigers. They only rely on fraud to maintain.
1. The second law of thermodynamics loses the ability of quantitative prediction.
2. Data processing method of law 2 of thermodynamics violates scientific discipline: modifying experimental data to satisfy theory
See the picture for details.
3. The second law of thermodynamics can only be called science if it reaches the same quantitative prediction ability as Newton's second law, otherwise it is pseudoscience.
4.Unfortunately, all the charts of enthalpy and entropy are organized in this way.
Comparison of New and Old Thermodynamics
1. Logic of the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Subjectivism, Logical Jump, Interdisciplinary Argumentation.
2. New thermodynamics pursues universality, two theoretical cornerstones:
2.1 Boltzmann formula: ro=A*exp(-Mgh/RT) - Isotope centrifugal separation experiments show that it is suitable for gases and liquids.
2.2. Hydrostatic equilibrium: applicable to gases and liquids.
3. The second and third sonic virial coefficients of R143a derived from the new thermodynamics are in agreement with the experimental results.
3.1. The third velocity Virial coefficient derived is in agreement with the experimental data, which shows that the theory is still correct when the critical density is reached.
4. See Appendix Pictures and Documents for details.
I have only found five cases, which are still too few, and mainly some refrigerants. On the contrary, the calculation of simple gas (He H2) does not accord with the calculation. The main reason is that dU0/dV is playing a role. Of course, dUp/dV should be more assured. It needs to continue.
This work can give full play to your imagination, not limited to the above scope.
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