you could calculate a risk ratio (relative risk) comparing females to males for each cancer type.eg for lung cancer SIR in men might be say 70/100000 py and females 20/100000py so RR female compared to male is 20/70 = 0.29. for breast cancer RR (f/.m) it mght be more like 10.

note: for some sex specific cancers like uterine or cervical this would be meaningless.

you could then produce a table of RR (f/m or m/f) by cancer type.

As Prof. sir James answered ; Relative Risk is a ratio = incidence rate exposed / incidence rate non exposed. Like in investigation of outbreak = attack rate / attack rate. And ratio = part / part , while rate = part / total. Incidence rate calculated from Cohort study (prospective cohort). So there New cases = incidence , and must know population at risk to calculate incidence rate.

Regarding Graph for female group (Forest Plot) or ( to some extent >>> Pie chart: if simply as in attachment file) : Ratio is a qualitative tool for qualitative variables. Like statistics X` and SD are quantitative tools for quantitative variables.

For example Gomez formula and Waterlow`s formula in nutritional pediatric assessment can be represented as percentage in tables` classification. That means the graph can be pie chart ( for beginners no sophisticated difference between graph and chart)

While Hazard Ratio is related to rate with time that need survival analysis

In survival analysis, the hazard ratio (HR) is the ratio of the hazard rates corresponding to the conditions described by two levels of an explanatory variable. For example, in a drug study, the treated population may die at twice the rate per unit time as the control population. The hazard ratio would be 2, indicating higher hazard of death from the treatment. Or in another study, men receiving the same treatment may suffer a certain complication ten times more frequently per unit time than women, giving a hazard ratio of 10.

Hazard ratios differ from relative risks and odds ratios in that RRs and ORs are cumulative over an entire study, using a defined endpoint, while HRs represent instantaneous risk over the study time period, or some subset thereof. Hazard ratios suffer somewhat less from selection bias with respect to the endpoints chosen and can indicate risks that happen before the endpoint.

Buenos días

Acá no ´podrías un RR sino una razón de prevalencias y como gráfica una gráfica de cajas y bigotes.

thank you everyone

dr James Leigh in relation to your answer i constructed the graph based on RR and type of cancer i got ratios of 2 and 1.15 for some types of cancer does this mean that there is an increased risk in females for these? and if its less than 1 then the risk is more in males right? so there will be a reduced risk in females?

RR should be interpreted as the number of times the risk in the interest population group is compared to the reference population group. As you are focusing on females, males is the reference population group

Assuming you calculated the rate ratios (RR) of age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population-year from breast cancer for females relative to males.

RR (f/m) is equal to 2.0 , it means that mortality risk is 2-folds higher in females than in males, i.e., breast cancer mortality is two times higher in females compared to males

For a RR (f/m) = 0.5 , in this case mortality is higher in males than in females. it means that mortality risk in females is half than in males, in other words, breast cancer mortality in females is half of the breast cancer mortality in males.

Ramon has answered your question clearly

Thanks James

Dear Zeina

Since you have two measures of risk of cancer incidence rate and mortality rate, you can calculate the relative risk (RR) and attributable risk (AR) for both of these epidemiological parameters between males and females.

Incidence rate of cancer among females

RR=-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Incidence rate of the same cancer among males

and for death rate:

Death rate among females due to the cancer under study

RR=-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Death rate among males due to the same cancer

With best wishs-