A good question, however before getting to the answers we need to build a strong theoretical foundation regarding compulsory acquisition & Compensation, what it is and how to do it in the best way. Thereafter we can check on how practically different countries do it and whether they are doing the best or otherwise. I suggest you read through these documents;

https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JPIF-05-2014-0035/full/pdf?casa_token=G3uJ3CTuAXYAAAAA:NRaTjwzuPBxD2QsOupK7tpEo04xXWJctZ5O9SGqTRgh4_Euqj344fX6K2iE0MTc_lwAEjtZME9eOSsYyiUPINnsHN3srI8d2TgKBT7VGy94dS_fUyv2PCg

https://journals.uct.ac.za/index.php/JARER/article/download/487/574/

https://www.al-kindipublisher.com/index.php/ijlps/article/download/6530/5553

https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/server/api/core/bitstreams/1a5920f4-0d99-4469-a5c0-feefbbf2678a/content

https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/665991/adbi-equitable-land-use-asian-infrastructure.pdf#page=216

https://journals.uct.ac.za/index.php/JARER/article/download/811/677/

https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/bitstream/handle/11343/238568/515c2291-c013-e911-9499-0050568d7800_FinalRevisedThesisReport_Jyoti%20Rao.pdf

https://su-plus.strathmore.edu/bitstream/handle/11071/5842/Compulsory%20acquisition%20and%20the%20right%20to%20property%20-%20The%20gaps%20in%20the%20legal%20framework,%20practices%20and%20possible%20solutions.pdf?sequence=1

Thank you Dr. Alananga. Let me take time to read the references you have recommended

This is highly a question of the specific legal framework and regulations of the country where CLA took place. Whether the laws or precedents allow for additional compensation for non-material or consequential damages arising from CLA.

On top of that, in as much as legal frameworks acknowledge that non material damages such as the said psychological and physiological impacts can also arise from land acquisition, it is quite complex to directly account for that in each individual compensation as it requires evaluation of such claims on a case by case basis as compared to evaluating direct material losses.

Formulas or frameworks on the other hand may seem not to be a promising idea considering the complexity in formulating concrete quantitative assessment methods. Cases like these are highly qualitative in nature and even hard to attain measurable proof.

I am of the idea that such cases must be based on expert testimonies, psychological evaluations, and case studies (Precedents) of similar instances where emotional or physical health was affected.

I believe you may also gain more insights on the recently published paper below;

Ewusie, I., Tannor, O., Ahiadu, A.A. and Ntim, O.K. (2024), "Exploring the psychological and emotional burden of compulsory acquisition: a case study of New Akrade-Mpakadan, Ghana", Property Management, Vol. 42 No. 5, pp. 713-731. https://doi.org/10.1108/PM-10-2023-0105

I truly appreciate all the insightful ideas you've provided. They have given me a new perspective on how these intangible aspects can sometimes serve as pretexts, even when they do occur.

As I continue to review the articles you've recommended, Samwel Alananga Sanga and Christopher Lyaruu. I'm hoping to find answers that clarify my concerns, especially around cases where, for instance, a construction project was underway when a Compulsory Land Acquisition (CLA) initiative was declared.

In situations where the acquiring institution faces challenges that prevent the project from proceeding, buildings, such as a "pagara" structure that was initially just a frame during the valuation, may now be demolished. Suppose the Project-Affected Persons (PAPs) took out loans based on the legitimate expectation of receiving entitlements that will now no longer be granted. In such a scenario, could the acquiring institution be held accountable for covering these additional losses?

Sincerely Dr Samwell and Christopher have both dealt well with the question raised.... setting the context of what the concept of compensation mean WITHIN broader footing of CLA, especially theoretically and by extension, empirically as demonstrated with respect to the legal and institutional dimensions to it across various countries, these are the scholarly approaches to offer profound answered to it. Regards esteemed colleagues.

Thank you Kazeem Bolayemi Akinbola for some useful insights on the topic

Thank you for your insights Kazeem Bolayemi Akinbola. I am still reading their works; indeed, as you noted, they contain valuable perspectives for CLA. However, the issue of incomplete CLA projects still lacks sufficient answers in some of the works I've reviewed. I appreciate the depth with which Dr. Samwell and Christopher address the concept of compensation within the broader framework of CLA, especially their focus on theoretical, empirical, legal, and institutional dimensions. Their scholarly approaches provide a solid foundation for further exploration. Regards