On February 14, 2023, the European Parliament, in a tight vote (340 votes for, 279 against, and 21 abstentions) decided to only authorize, from 2035, the sale of vehicles emitting no CO2. In other words: ban on the sale of new vehicles equipped with combustion engines, hybrids, plug-in hybrids, or others; paving the way for 100% electric cars. However, for various reasons, industrial, technological, economic and even environmental, specialists and professionals openly criticize the new regulations the European Union wants to impose. The most virulent criticism comes from the manufacturers, as evidenced by the positions taken by their managers, such as Carlos Tavares, CEO of Stellantis, Olivier Zipse, CEO of BMW, and Luca de Meo, CEO of Renault, who find neither more nor less, that "the electric car imposed by law is not the solution".
May this discussion lift the veil on the technological, economic, and environmental issues of this European paradigm shift, and at the same time emphasize its implications on a global scale.
An edifying publication with a revealing title "González, A., & de Haan, E. (2020). The battery paradox. How the electric vehicle boom is draining communities and the planet. SOMO: Amsterdam". Available on: https://www.pianoo.nl/sites/default/files/media/documents/2020-12/the-battery-paradox-december2020.pdf. Excerpts " ...Lithium-ion batteries (Li-ion batteries) are expected to dominate the EV market at least for the next decade. But what's inside a Li-ion battery? The minerals required to produce the Li-ion batteries (i.e. lithium, cobalt, nickel, graphite, manganese) come from the earth, just like fossil fuels. the World Bank estimates that demand for lithium, cobalt and graphite could grow by nearly 500 per cent by 2050, driven almost entirely by demand for batteries used for EVs...Furthermore, energy-intensive mega-factories are rapidly being built to supply the surging need for batteries. As well as requiring soaring amounts of minerals, the manufacture of Li-ion batteries also requires energy and generates carbon emissions and waste.
The unprecedented increase in demand for raw materials to make Li-ion batteries poses serious human rights and environmental risks and calls into question how clean, sustainable and fair a mobility transition based on mass uptake of EVs and increased production of batteries really is. ...Mass adoption of EVs is, however, not the only solution to address the impacts of passenger road transport. Scientists, civil society and communities across the world are calling for a different approach based on environmental justice and on the need to absolutely reduce the demand for minerals and energy"
The decision by the European Parliament to only authorize the sale of vehicles emitting no CO2 from 2035, effectively banning the sale of new vehicles with combustion engines, hybrids, and plug-in hybrids, represents a significant shift in the automotive industry. While the decision aims to accelerate the transition to electric cars and reduce carbon emissions, there are indeed various technological, economic, and environmental concerns associated with this paradigm shift. Let's discuss these issues in more detail:
Technological Concerns:
Economic Concerns:
Environmental Concerns:
Implications on a Global Scale: The European Union's decision to ban combustion engine vehicles and promote electric cars has global implications, as it could influence other regions and impact international automotive markets. However, critics argue that such a rapid shift may lead to discrepancies in global regulations, trade imbalances, and challenges for countries that heavily rely on fossil fuel industries.
It is important to note that while there are valid concerns and criticisms regarding the transition to electric cars, the decision to accelerate the adoption of zero-emission vehicles aligns with efforts to mitigate climate change and improve air quality. Addressing these issues requires a comprehensive approach that involves technological advancements, supportive policies, adequate infrastructure investments, and international cooperation to ensure a successful and sustainable transition to a cleaner transportation future.
Kristaq Hazizi Thank you for this insightful comment which embraces different aspects of the debated topic: Your precious contribution comes at the right time to launch this discussion. Very much appreciated.
Rare earths and EVs — it’s not about batteries, By Jeff Shepard | January 23, 2023 https://www.batterypowertips.com/rare-earths-and-evs-its-not-about-batteries-faq/
Summary: NdFeB and SSmCo-based rare earth magnets are important components in EVs and a range of industrial, commercial, and military-aerospace systems. They are significantly higher in performance compared to alternatives without rare earth content. The use of rare earths is fraught with concerns relating to supply chain security, environmental damage, and sustainability. As a result, numerous efforts are underway to develop alternatives to rare earth magnets with similar performance levels.
On the environmental impact of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs). " ... While most studies have identified BEVs as an effective option to alleviate GHG emissions by ICEVs in the road transport sector (Choi, Shin, & Woo, 2018; Hoekstra, 2019; Moro & Lonza, 2018; Woo, Choi, & Ahn, 2017), other studies show that if electricity is produced mainly using fossil fuels, BEVs may report higher GHG emissions than conventional cars (Rangaraju, De Vroey, Messagie, Mertens, & Van Mierlo, 2015)...". Excerpts from:
Wicki, M., Brückmann, G., Quoss, F., & Bernauer, T. (2023). What do we really know about the acceptance of battery electric vehicles?–Turns out, not much. Transport Reviews, 43(1), 62-87.
Available on: Article What do we really know about the acceptance of battery elect...
"Hybrid vehicle systems powered by renewable energies are very important research interest of the researchers. Currently, few projects in the world involved in developing in this technology". Excerpts from the conclusion of the well-cited review paper "Hannan, Mahammad A., F. A. Azidin, and Azah Mohamed. Hybrid electric vehicles and their challenges: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 29 (2014): 135-150". Available on: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ravikumar-Srinivasa/post/What-is-the-role-of-the-electric-car-as-the-load-on-the-power-grid/attachment/59d61de679197b807797c12b/AS%3A273837134942208%401442299268276/download/19.pdf
The authors came to the ultimate conclusion that "The continuous developing of technology will certainly push HEV for the future transportation. The innovative scientific research in reducing the manufacturing cost and the overall system may helps in booming the HEV market"
"The Hazards of Electric Car Batteries and Their Recycling" By Taotianchen Wan and Yikai Wang (2022) IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 1011 012026. Available on: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/1011/1/012026/pdf Abstract: ...This paper lists and analyzes the different characteristics of batteries commonly used by three new energy vehicles in the market :(1) lead-acid batteries will not leak in the use process due to tight sealing, but their use cycle is very short. (2) The production of nickel metal hydride battery is relatively mature, its production cost is low, and compared with lithium electronic battery is safer. (3) Lithium-ion batteries are made of non-toxic materials, which makes them known as "green batteries". However, they are expensive to make and have poor compatibility with other batteries. Because discarded batteries pose a threat to human health and environmental sustainability, lithium-ion batteries may overheat and fire when exposed to high temperatures or when penetrated, releasing carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide that can be very harmful to human health. In addition, waste batteries will also cause water pollution and inhibit the growth and reproduction of aquatic organisms and other potential dangers. Therefore, it is necessary to recycle it efficiently. This paper then introduces the advantages of three recycling methods: step utilization and recovery, ultrasonic recovery and sodium ion battery. These recycling methods can maximize the reuse efficiency of waste batteries. This paper expects to find a better way to recycle waste batteries to solve the potential problems of improper disposal of waste batteries and reduce the environmental hazards of waste batteries
Dear Professors, Jamel Chahed & Kristaq Hazizi
Building on the points you raised, I would like to hear more from experts like you, as you know the effort by Europe is both fascinating and perplexing to me.
While the regulations are limited to Europe, I suppose it is undeniable that European car brands have a dominant presence in markets worldwide. Considering this global reach, do you believe it is essential for policymakers to take into account the potential impact and challenges that these regulations may pose on a global scale?
The idea of switching to electric vehicles is fraught with problems, not least of which is generation of enough electricity. In hot weather in summer, there is regular failure of the existing grid to supply enough electricity to meet the extra demand from air conditioners. Again, the present system fails when there is widespread freezing rain down power lines. The electricity is frequently off for up to a week. How is it possible to meet the demand of electric powered vehicles on a reliable basis as well as to meet current demands without periodic widespread failure?
Stuart.
Thank you Dear Dinesh Kumar Madheswaran for this outstanding question: ".. do you believe it is essential for policymakers to take into account the potential impact and challenges that these regulations may pose on a global scale?" It seems that National Strategies are built within National objectives that will try, and this is normal, to develop the options where the Nation has comparative advantages. It is for this reason that in discussions and negotiations around environmental issues on a global scale, we often find that the positions taken do not always go in the same direction, to such an extent that certain international conferences have, in some cases failed completely and in other cases resulted in programs that never achieved their objectives.
That said, at the academic level, researchers are working on these questions and are progressing without this resulting in concrete effects: often it takes time, a lot of time, for knowledge to be transformed into action. For example, hereafter, the ultimate conclusion of the recent paper Vezzoni, R. (2023). Green growth for whom, how and why? The REPowerEU Plan and the inconsistencies of European Union energy policy. Energy Research & Social Science, 101, Available on: Article Green growth for whom, how and why? The REPowerEU Plan and t...
"To conclude, the need for decreasing consumption also poses a direct threat to an economic system based on expectations of limitless growing future production. If sufficiency is to be attained in high-income countries as well as in the rest of the world, what implications will this have for systems of economic provisioning, such as the welfare state as the ultimate form of social security and economic redistribution? How will they be reshaped? Further research should help address these and related questions to carry on with the daunting, yet indispensable, task of building alternative socio-ecological pathways"
Thank you Dear Stuart Arthur Harris for the insightful comment and excellent contribution. Definitely, EV faces many environmental and technological challenges but also more subjective considerations in relation to cultural and socio-economic aspects which are not the same everywhere, even at Regional and National scales. But I think the dice are cast the EV will replace the thermal engine one like the mobile phone has replaced the landline one
The Indian Express, Published on: 10-07-2023, The problem with battery electric vehicles "Battery electric vehicles are at the heart of the government’s push for net zero. However, what has worked for Norway and China may not be as successful in India’s peculiar conditions. While there is little debate that electrification is the future, the roadmap remains unclear"...
Read the article on:
https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/the-problem-with-battery-electric-vehicles-8822335/
I do not question whether the European Union will go to electric cars. However, in a country like Canada, it is difficult to see how European cars will sell outside the major cities. Distances here are enormous and refuelling is already a major problem in the north and in the country districts in western Canada. Unless there is enough traffic on the road to pay for the installation of adequate charging facilities, it will be too expensive to provide an adequate network, which, incidentally, means also running power cables along every road to service them. Again, what happens on isolated northern islands some of which do not have adequate electricity supplies at present? Similar problems are likely to be found in Siberia. It looks to me that it will pay some manufacturers to continue to produce gasoline-powered vehicles for use in these areas. Such vehicles are needed when there is a major power outage in winter in order to get to the areas where power lines are down!
Stuart.
Stuart Arthur Harris Thank you for these insights. I agree with what you explained: There will be, and for a long time still, a market for Fuel Vehicles for the reasons you mentioned and perhaps for other reasons. Regards
Interesting figures within this report "IEA (2022), By 2030 EVs represent more than 60% of vehicles sold globally, and require an adequate surge in chargers installed in buildings, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/reports/by-2030-evs-represent-more-than-60-of-vehicles-sold-globally-and-require-an-adequate-surge-in-chargers-installed-in-buildings" Highlights: Sales of new internal combustion engine (ICE) automobiles are halted in 2035 in the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE Scenario). In parallel, the share of EVs in total sales needs to reach around 60% by 2030 to stay the course and reach net zero CO2 in 2050. At the end of 2021, the number of electric cars on the road exceeded 16.5 million. The global electric car stock expands to almost 350 million vehicles by 2030, but future growth will hinge on efforts to diversify battery manufacturing and critical mineral supplies to reduce the risks of supply bottlenecks and higher prices. Mass adoption of EVs will require regulatory support that advances installation of chargers in residential and commercial buildings, as well as workplaces. The deployment of charging infrastructure, especially in densely populated urban areas, will be driven by city codes and local policies. Building codes and regulations will require the installation of EV chargers in new constructions and renovations, where feasible.
The latest figures for the United States are that hey have a three month inventory of electric cars unsold. there are also problems with recharging stations since there are three different connection plugs. It is likely that they will end up using the original American system with adapters as necessary for German cars, etc..
Stuart.
The paradox of electric cars. Excerpts from: https://www.smartgreenpost.com/2021/10/06/the-paradox-of-electric-cars/ ".. one of the buzzwords if you will, is electric cars. This could be a good start, or just a way of hiding behind a finger, clearing one’s conscience, and perhaps saying that one has done everything possible to avoid the climate disaster we are heading for. For two reasons.
The first is linked to a simple numerical statement: if you want to talk about a plan to tackle climate change, you have to take into account all human activities that cause greenhouse gas emissions: according to the latest estimates (IPCC data: https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data) focusing on cars means, at best, acting on about 8% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Very, very little. At the top of the list, though decidedly against our perception, are agriculture, livestock farming and industrial power generation.
The second reason is linked to the failure to address the choice of electric cars with an integrated and supply chain strategy: it is true that these cars are powered by electricity, but most of this energy is still derived from power plants that are (still) based on coal"....
Please can you all read my website - https://solutions-to-climate-change.com - where I describe inventions which, I believe, will resolve these problems.
Simply put, my view is that carbon is secondary, the real problem is heat.
We are trying to run the engine of a 24 cylinder truck with the exhaustof a moped.
There is much more detail on the website - your views will be welcome!
Thank you Dear Sebastian Cruft for the link. I visited the website and found interesting ideas and pieces of information. I am curious to know if pilot experiments were performed on the Fontana and irrigation Concepts? and if it is the case are there quantitative figures on their performances?
Subsidiary question: Where can we learn more about these concepts?
Regards
Dear Jamel Chahed, Unfortunately I do not have enough money to commission a sample 750 meters high! However, if you search for https://www.solutions-to-climate-change.com/our-structural-solutions-for-climate-change/ on the website, you will see a desktop prototype working. It is about 45 centimeters high, and the cooling effect is provided by Peltier chips, which convert heat on on the outside of the chip to refrigeration on the inside.
The website is nearly finished - still some work and editing it to do. However, I am starting to contact possible interested parties to make the first real prototypes. Please could you and our other colleagues on research Gate, look at 'how you can help' on the website. This gives a list of each Nation's delegates to cop27. If you have any contacts who might be interested - e.g. Agriculture ministers and specialists, Environment ministers and specialists, and most important, electricity generators - please contact them. My opinion is that the most intense heat creation at low level comes from power stations. I have included designs for water cooled and air cooled stations. I believe that these are the ideal places to start.
To answer your subsidiary question, I believe that there is a lot of information on the website. I wish it was easier to find. Please try using the search symbol. If you can't find what you want, please ask me questions.
Sebastian Cruft Thank you for the reply and for the insights. I hope that you will be able to raise the necessary funds for the acquisition of the means necessary for the technical implementation of your project. Best Wishes
New Internationalist, July 14, 2023, Electric cars – climate saviours or eco-villains? "As electric car sales skyrocket, there are some tough questions to answer", writes Danny Chivers,
Read the article on:
https://newint.org/features/2023/06/05/temperature-check-electric-cars
thank you very much, Jamel Chahed . I shall try to inform you all of any progress.
"The EV revolution is simply a clear-cut case where the human race invented a better technology than what we were using before, and now we’re going to switch to that better technology. Electric vehicles are going to win; just sit back and watch". Extracted from the conclusion of the very enthusiastic article by Smith, N. (2023). All the arguments against EVs are wrong. https://www.pinetreemacro.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/read-0f-the-week-june-09-2023.pdf
"Electric cars are still not economically viable for Tanzanian automotive consumers unless economic incentives are introduced. With EVs being in the early stage in the country, it is recommended to start by promoting electric two-wheelers (e2Ws)". This is the conclusion of the article [1] (released 3 days ago). The research "builds on prior investigations into Electric Vehicle (EVs) diffusion by analyzing the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of Electriv Vihicules (EVs) in the context of sub-Saharan Africa, a region that has received less attention in the EV domain. It is among the few studies on EVs in the region, providing valuable insights into the obstacles to EV diffusion in sub-Saharan Africa, as the continent endeavors to participate in global efforts aimed at mitigating greenhouse gas emissions".
[1] Malima, G. C., & Moyo, F. (2023). Are electric vehicles economically viable in sub-Saharan Africa? The total cost of ownership of internal combustion engine and electric vehicles in Tanzania. Transport Policy, Volume 141, September 2023, Pages 14-26
Released 2 days ago: L. Zhang et al., "Research on the orderly charging and discharging mechanism of electric vehicles considering travel characteristics and carbon quota," in IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification.
Abstract:
To study the impact of personal carbon trading (PCT) mechanism on the economy and reliability of the power distribution system operation, this paper proposes an orderly charging and discharging strategy for electric vehicles (EVs) that integrates a dynamic update mechanism of charging tariff and carbon revenue, taking into account the travel characteristics of EVs and users’ willingness to respond. First, the probability density of the travel time parameters for EVs is calculated based on an improved kernel density estimation method. Second, the carbon emissions at each stage of the lifecycle of electric vehicles are calculated using a life cycle assessment approach (LCA), and a model for electric vehicle carbon quota and carbon revenue is constructed. Then, based on the net load data of the power distribution system, a dynamic updating model for the pricing of ordered charging and discharging is established. Finally, with the objective of reducing the dispatching cost for electric vehicle users and stabilizing the load fluctuation of the power distribution network, an optimization model for electric vehicle charging and discharging load dispatching is constructed. Based on the dynamic charging and discharging tariff information and state of charge (SOC) at the time of access to the grid, an evaluation model of the economic benefits of EV participation in orderly regulation is constructed. The response willingness of electric vehicle users to the dispatching strategy is inferred using the fuzzy logic control algorithm. The simulation results validate the effectiveness of this dispatching strategy in reducing the dispatching cost for EV users and stabilizing the net load fluctuation of the power distribution system. Furthermore, it is observed that as carbon prices increase, the optimization dispatching effect becomes more pronounced.
"In case of the battery system, modelling the essential elements of the system enabled the simulation of charging and discharging processes, the analysis of failure scenarios, and finally the implementation and investigation of bio-inspired modifications. In the exemplary battery system, we demonstrated that bio-inspired modifications, abstracted from hypersensitization and vasospasm mechanisms in wound healing processes, can improve the battery system safety without significant impact on the normal-state operation" Excerpts from the conclusion of the following Preprint released 4 days ago:
Hess, K., Bessler, S., Schneider, J. M., & von Ramin, M. (2023). Abstraction and simulation of EV battery systems-resilience engineering by biological transformation. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics.
Available on:
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-3190/ace8da/pdf
How to build a motor that saves electricity? Well by carrying out these kinds of research:
Anderson, I. F. (2022). Energy efficient centrifugal air extractor for environments contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 (Coronavirus).
Preprint available on:
Preprint Energy efficient centrifugal air extractor for environments ...
The "experimentally proposed design reduces active power (Watts) and active 680 energy consumption (kWh) by 67%".
Energy Intelligence, Jul 26, 2023, by Kim Feng Wong, China Electric Vehicle Market Shows Its Muscle ".. with made-in-China EVs continuing to make inroads in Europe and Southeast Asia. “As more Chinese EV brands venture abroad, their acceptance by overseas markets and global service networks continue to grow, pointing to a bullish outlook,” the CPCA commented in its monthly report. Exports of Chinese-made “passenger” EVs nearly tripled in June, surging by 185% year on year to 70,000 units, according to CPCA data. EVs account for 24%, or nearly one quarter, of all passenger vehicles exported by China in June. ..The top export destinations for China-made EVs are Belgium, the UK, Thailand, Spain, Australia and the Philippines, based on January-May data from the CAAM. Other emerging EV markets include the UAE, Russia and Mexico."
Read the article on:
https://www.energyintel.com/00000189-8d2b-d6b3-af89-dfaf4b0f0000
Interesting article on Chinese car constructors (In French): https://www.revueconflits.com/les-constructeurs-automobiles-chinois-a-la-conquete-du-monde/ One may read there (own translation):"China now has very successful car manufacturers, both electric and thermal. Mastering new technologies and being able to compete with American and European manufacturers, its companies are launching an assault on these markets. The most advanced Chinese manufacturer in Europe today is SAIC (Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation) through its MG brand. Number 1 in China, it sells 7.2 million cars in China in different joint ventures (one with the Volkswagen group and one with General Motors). This manufacturer is a state-owned company, but it is also the most successful in Europe: last year they sold 120,000 new cars in Europe and this year they will sell 200,000. last year in France, they sold 12,000 so this year their target is 20,000.
MG is actually an English brand bought by Chinese Manufacturers. In 2005, BMW sold the rest of the British Leyland group to a Chinese manufacturer: Nanjing Automobile. At the time, BMW had bought British Leyland and they kept Mini, which they made a separate brand when it was simply a model, Rolls-Royce, as well as Bentley, which they later sold to Audi. Everything else they sold to Nanjing, which a few years later became SAIC, number 1 in China. So since 2005, this Chinese company has had a window in this MG house that they bought in England. They kept the head office, the design center, and a presence in Great Britain while in Europe they stopped the MG network.
Thus, in British Leyland there was the MG brand (the brand they now use to come to Europe) and the Rover brand (the Rover network stopped in 2005, and they reused the brand in China under the name of Roewe). They have therefore been observing the European market from a privileged position since 2005. In 2015 they created a company in Luxembourg and in 2019 a headquarters in Amsterdam for European operations. They then launched European operations at the end of 2019, the beginning of 2020.
Another example that is very interesting is the private group Geely. Geely also bought a house in Europe, it was the Volvo House in 2010. Today, the Chinese brand works best in Europe. Through Volvo, they managed to develop global sales. Currently, they are selling 600,000 cars whereas at the time, they were only at 250,000. They launched the Polestar brand which is a 100% electric brand. This one could not sell in France, because its logo is too close to that of Citroën, the brand was therefore banned in France. But this dispute having been settled at the end of 2022, the brand will be able to land...."
Revolutionary Perspective for the Electric Vehicle. EnergyPortal, July 30, 2023. The Benefits of Wireless Charging for Electric Vehicles: Faster, Easier, and More Efficient.
Read more on: https://www.energyportal.eu/news/the-benefits-of-wireless-charging-for-electric-vehicles-faster-easier-and-more-efficient/39212/
Editorial by SCMP Editorial, Published: 2 May, 2023, US should give China EV firms a clear road "If America really is not afraid of free and fair competition, it must rise to the challenge presented by Chinese electric vehicles and not apply its ‘national security’ brake..."
Read more on:
https://www.scmp.com/comment/opinion/article/3219063/us-should-give-china-ev-firms-clear-road
The Autopian, August 7, 2023, By Matt Hardigree, It Sure Seems Like There Are More Expensive Electric Cars Than Expensive Electric Car Buyers Right Now,
Read the article on:
https://www.theautopian.com/it-sure-seems-like-there-are-more-expensive-electric-cars-than-expensive-electric-car-buyers-right-now/
Could Africa replace China as the world’s source of rare earth elements?
China has a dominant hold on the market—with 60% of global production and 85% of processing capacity. In light of growing geopolitical tensions around China and Taiwan, the U.S, Australia, Canada, and other countries are seeking to reduce their reliance on China as a source of rare earths production and processing. This opens up a window of opportunity for African countries...
Excerpts from: Brookings, December 29, 2022, by Gracelin Baskaran "Could Africa replace China as the world’s source of rare earth elements?".
Read the article on:
https://www.brookings.edu/articles/could-africa-replace-china-as-the-worlds-source-of-rare-earth-elements/
Newsweek, August 8, 2023, By: U.S. Senator John Barrasso "The federal government shouldn't be in the business of picking winners and losers. The Biden administration ignores this principle by proposing rules that would effectively require all new cars to be electric by 2032... Biden could force taxpayers to fund nearly $400 billion in electric car subsidies, charging stations, batteries, and other handouts. That's more than double the combined market value of the Big Three U.S. automakers. It's a staggering cost to taxpayers to force hundreds of millions of Americans to get rid of cars and trucks they prefer. The average electric car costs over $60,000 more than a gasoline-powered vehicle.
Read the article on: https://www.energy.senate.gov/2023/8/barrasso-op-ed-the-gop-s-all-of-the-above-strategy-is-better-for-the-environment-than-biden-s-dangerous-approach
DW. August 6, 2023, by Klaus Ulrich, Electric cars: Chinese carmakers outpace German giants High costs, lower demand, fiercer competition — "The German automotive industry is coming under pressure. The lucrative Chinese market, in particular, is proving difficult as Chinese consumers choose national brands.... Sense of crisis is spreading in the German economy as order books look thinner and consumer purchasing power dwindles amid rising inflation.... Small wonder then that 80% of all battery-electric vehicles in China now come from domestic producers. Among the top ten sellers only Tesla ranks. German brands no longer play any role in the list. Regarding the overall Chinese auto market, including vehicles with internal combustion engines, Chinese brands are set to outsell foreign brands this year for the first time, with a market share of 51%. This share is projected to rise to 65% by 2030, say, management consultants, AlixPartners, in their Global Automotive Outlook report for 2023...."
Read the paper on:
https://www.dw.com/en/electric-cars-chinese-carmakers-outpace-german-giants/a-66444153
Trib-Live, Released 1 hour ago. Ethan Brown: New EPA tailpipe standards call electric vehicle promises into question. Excerpts: "the EPA unveiled new vehicle emissions standards under the Clean Air Act that would mandate auto manufacturers to lower the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from their vehicles to a companywide average of 82 grams per mile by 2032... A 2021 International Energy Agency (IEA) analysis found that compared with an ICE car, an EV achieves about a 50% reduction in life-cycle emissions, which accounts for mining and electricity... But Mark Mills, senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute, points out that the IEA data relies on approximations based on uncertain assumptions about the supply chains of EV batteries. The range shown on the IEA’s graph could be anywhere from 75% emissions reductions to no reduction at all. “No one has any idea where on that range you really lie,” said Mills. Mills last month published a report, Electric Vehicles for Everyone? The Impossible Dream, arguing that EVs present far too many uncertainties and limitations for governments to favor them through bans on the sales of ICE vehicles, or stringent standards like the EPA’s. Beyond emissions, the report cites high costs, humanitarian concerns, and reliance on China as issues for EVs..." Read the article on the site of Trib-Live, Western Pennsylvania's trusted news source:
https://triblive.com/opinion/ethan-brown-new-epa-tailpipe-standards-call-electric-vehicle-promises-into-question/
Energy, Renewable Energy, and Levelized Cost Of Energy (LCOE) Paradoxes. Gerard Reid (2020) stated about Energy: "The choices and approaches... are governed by the following paradoxes...: 1. The Utility Paradox; 2. The Market Efficiency Paradox; 3. Jevons Paradox; 4. The NIMBY Paradox 5. The Renewable Energy Paradox 6. The Philosophy Paradox". On the other hand, Adam Szymański (2020) showed that the Leverezed Cost Of Energy (LCOE) definition is incorrect as it leads to an Economic Paradox.
Gerard Reid (2020) The Six Energy Paradoxes that slow the sector’s progress. Available on: https://energypost.eu/the-six-energy-paradoxes-that-slow-the-sectors-progress/
Szymański, A. (2020). Levelized cost of energy definition–An economic paradox. The Electricity Journal, 33(7). To be requested on:
Article Levelized cost of energy definition – An economic paradox
See also:
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Energy_Renewable_Energy_and_Levelized_Cost_Of_Energy_LCOE_Paradoxes
Euronews, August 13,2023. Rare earth and raw materials: the EU faces multiple challenges (Own translation) "While China dominates the market for minerals and rare earths, finding other suppliers is a challenge for Europeans. Russia's war in Ukraine and the need to wean ourselves off fossil fuels to meet climate targets have prompted the EU to accelerate its green transition in recent months, but have also forced it to recognize its dependencies for access to essential raw materials. the global race for raw materials, the EU is facing multiple challenges.The first is China, which has recently started to restrict exports of gallium and germanium, two metals essential for the production of semiconductors, in response Western restrictions on Beijing's access to microprocessing technologies. The EU considers these two materials to be highly strategic. In addition to semiconductors and other electronic devices, they are used for military applications such as missile defense and systems. radar..."
Read the article in French on:
https://fr.euronews.com/my-europe/2023/08/13/terres-rares-et-matieres-premieres-lue-entend-rester-dans-la-course
Permanent electrified highway to charge EVs while on the go. "Sweden is planning to build a first-of-its-kind, permanent electrified highway by 2025 that would enable EVs to charge while on the go. Different electrified road systems have been tested. Among them, one Swedish company thinks its technology is the answer. At a demonstration site in the town of Lund in southern Sweden is EVolution Road. It’s a regular city asphalt road — with a difference. Embedded at the center of one lane is an electrified rail that can charge vehicles as they drive along it".
Read the article on:
https://www.marketplace.org/shows/marketplace-tech/swedens-building-an-electric-road-that-could-charge-evs-while-driving/
Washington Times, August 15, 2023 By Bob Latta Rush to expand electric vehicle fleets is misguided, We need less government intervention, not more. Excerpts: "As we have seen time and time again, when government imposes its will on free markets, economies falter and fail, leaving hardworking families to pick up the pieces. Under the Biden administration, the use of the government’s heavy hand has become the norm. Look no further than the concerted effort to end production of internal combustion engine vehicles and rapidly expand electric vehicle fleets.
Just this year, the administration announced its plan to have half of new vehicle sales be of electric ones by 2030. And the Environmental Protection Agency released a stringent new tailpipe emissions standard that would require nearly two-thirds of new U.S. vehicles to be electric by 2032.These out-of-touch proposals will severely limit consumer choice and prevent American companies from producing and selling ICE vehicles".
Read the article on:
https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2023/aug/15/rush-to-expand-electric-vehicle-fleets-is-misguide/
"The Paradoxes of Quantifying Electric Vehicles’ Emissions in Regulated Economies" is the title of a paper by Massiani and Modena (2023). The authors came to the ultimate conclusion: "...more than the actual value corresponding to a given country and a given year, more important is the concept that emissions triggered by an additional EV actually depends on the regulatory context... Policy assessments that exploit our results may raise objections since they entail a paradox, hence they are a challenge for policy-advisors and evaluators. No easy solution is available to ensure proper communication of these results"
Abstract of the paper: Electric vehicles (EV) and other so-called low-emission vehicles (LEV) are promoted as means to reduce Greenhouse Gas emissions. Economists routinely assess the corresponding saving in emissions by considering that EV emit only “in the power plant”, based on the technological features of the energy generation system. Such quantification neglects regulations on CO2 emissions, such as Corporate Average Fleet Emissions and Emission Trading System, typically present in the EU. But these regulations can profoundly alter EVs emissions, although indirectly. This mostly takes place through a compensation mechanism between EVs and conventional fleet’s emissions and through the capping of emissions in the energy sector. While most scholarly literature and policymakers suggest that EVs do not emit on the road but do so, instead, in power plants, our analysis concludes that EVs increase tailpipe emissions but do not increase energy production emissions; this is due to indirect and counterintuitive impacts triggered by regulation. This paradoxical result is robust to a large set of evolutions and adaptation strategies such as increase in renewables, technological progress, Vehicle-to-Grid, etc. Our analysis implies a correction of electric vehicles’ emissions quantification in use in countries where regulations produce these effects and, consequently, a reformulation of policy recommendations.
Paper available on:
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4417852
See Also:
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Energy_Renewable_Energy_and_Levelized_Cost_Of_Energy_LCOE_Paradoxes
The Guardian, May 29, 2021 by Adam Morton, Environment editor, Australian governments ‘shooting themselves in the foot’ with EV policies. A patchwork of conflicting regulations and road-user taxes between states and territories is inhibiting take up of electric vehicles, campaigners say. One may read toward the paper ending: "Richie Merzian, the climate and energy director with the Australia Institute, said no serious case could be made that the road-user charge was not a disincentive to cutting Australia’s rising transport emissions. “It will further slow down an already embarrassing uptake of electric vehicles,” he said. “It is incredible that the same month that the US president pledges US$174bn for the EV industry you have the Australian government put nothing in its budget for EVs and a state government put a tax on them. “It is so difficult to explain to overseas governments how successful Australians are at shooting themselves in the foot.”
Read the article on:
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/may/30/electric-vehicle-vacuum-leads-to-confusion-between-states-and-territories
Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging (WEVC) System Using Solar Energy (released Aug. 25, 2023), https://eprints.tarc.edu.my/26130/
Abstract: "The purpose of this proposal is to present the design of a solar-powered wireless charging system for electric vehicles, which mitigates the most significant negative aspects of these vehicles, especially their contribution to pollution and the consumption of fossil fuels. Electric vehicles are now on the road in several countries, and their numbers are steadily increasing. In addition to its environmental advantages, electric vehicles have shown that they can help reduce travel expenses by substituting power for fuel, which is significantly less expensive. We've come up with a novel solution to this problem by developing a wireless EV charging system powered by solar renewable energy. This EV charging solution does not require any wires, does not require a stop for charging, and does not require an external power supply. The system uses a solar panel, Li-ion battery, regulator circuits, oscillator circuit, XKT-412 / XKT-335 ICs, copper coils, rectifier, Atmega328p controller, and LCD display to build the system. Electric vehicles can be charged while travelling, eliminating the need to stop for charging. In a long run, it does not need a huge battery since the power capacity also can be lower down. This can also reduce the overall cost of electric vehicles and people are afforded to buy an electric vehicle. As a result, this can increase the adoption rate of electric vehicles. The system showcases a roadside solar-powered wireless charging system for electric automobiles".
The conclusion derived from the research study by Deshwal and Sangwan "Enhancing Solar Energy Integration: A Techno-Economic Viability Assessment in India. Wireless Pers Commun, 21 Aug. 2023" shows "that the LCOE of solar + storage is already economical for commercial and industrial category in majority of the states for both open access (group-captive model) and rooftop projects. Solar + storage is also a viable option for the standalone system where there is no Grid connectivity and the electricity is generated using Diesel gen-sets"
Paper available on:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11277-023-10691-y#citeas
See also:
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Energy_Renewable_Energy_and_Levelized_Cost_Of_Energy_LCOE_Paradoxes/3
The report of the commission of inquiry of the National Assembly "aiming to establish the reasons for the loss of sovereignty and energy independence of France" was presented on Thursday, April 6, 2023. The report makes 30 recommendations, most largely in support of nuclear revival. The return to nuclear reminds us of the current events and upheavals in France-Africa relations, particularly with regard to the exploitation and trade of raw materials and in particular rare earths.
Read more (in French) on:
https://www.lemondedelenergie.com/energie-france-a-pris-30-ans-retard-selon-commission-enquete-parlementaire/2023/04/07/
The well-cited paper [1] by Casals et al. (2016) calculates the Electric Vehicle (EV) Global Warming Potential (GWP) which is compared to that of ICEV (Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle). Results from [1] propose "a new approach when addressing the suitability of several European countries to the widespread use of EVs as an environmentally efficient alternative to conventional vehicles". The authors come to the conclusion that "the coupling between renewable share and EV penetration is clear, and hence, it is crucial to consider the energy generation sector before promoting EV penetration"
[1] Casals, L. C., Martinez-Laserna, E., García, B. A., & Nieto, N. (2016). Sustainability analysis of the electric vehicle use in Europe for CO2 emissions reduction. Journal of cleaner production, 127, 425-437.
Available on:
https://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstream/handle/2117/86796/REsubmission_Sustainability%20analysis%20of%20the%20electric%20vehicle%20use%20V2_DRAC.pdf
Excerpts from the conclusion: ...It can be concluded that for most countries covered in the analysis, current electricity generation MIX is well suited to accommodate EV market penetration, and the usage of EVs will generally imply reductions in the net GHG emissions from the transportation sector.
Moreover, most European countries are transforming and decarbonizing their electricity generation fleet. However, U.K., Germany and Netherlands (being in the TOP 5 most EV selling countries) still feature highly polluting electricity power plant fleets. In those cases, an
improvement of the infrastructure and increases on the renewable share should precede EV penetration in order to ensure reductions in the net GHG emissions produced by both electricity and transportation sector. It should be noted that according to the results presented, with their current electric energy production fleet, the introduction of EVs in these countries does not ensure GWP reduction.
This study covered only the GWP of EVs in the European Countries selling most EVs. Knowing that the environmental impact of EVs goes beyond the GWP; it should be noted that even in the cases where the EVs penetration does not imply GHG emissions reduction, other benefits still may arise from the electrification of transportation, such as lower dependency on fossil fuels, environmental consciousness-raising or reductions on the air pollution in urban areas, which entails important consequences over human health.
To further delve into the EV environmental impact, a deeper analysis of other phases of the LCA (e.g. maintenance or disposal) could be advisable in order to achieve more reliable results, although significant deviations from the results obtained in this study are not foreseen....
Here are excerpts from the paper [1] by Khurshid et al., 2023: Critical metals in uncertainty: How Russia-Ukraine conflict drives their prices? "The expansion of the electric vehicle (EV) market is an essential factor pushing up demand for critical minerals. They are less expensive, and their readily available supply makes them economical, popular, and viable. As a result, governments deploy their resources for transportation, mining, processing, and production of critical mineral-based products. Governments with a predominance in these minerals want more investment to maximize the advantages of this source of income. For instance, several countries, notably China, are eager to boost the supply of these essential minerals to meet rising demand. China is a dominating operator in the mineral supply chain, so the Western world is concerned about China's future dominance in the energy market. China controls the majority of essential mining refineries and raw materials, including 73% of cobalt refineries, 68% of nickel refineries, 59% of lithium refineries, and 40% of copper refineries. In addition, China's role as a significant supplier for producing battery cells is crucial, as most such components are made in China".
The authors wrote in conclusion: "The findings depict that the war between Russia and Ukraine influences the price of critical metals. The results show rapid divergence from counterfactual predictions, and the critical metals prices are consistently higher than expected without conflict"
[1] Adnan Khurshid, Yufeng Chen, Abdur Rauf, Khalid Khan, Critical metals in uncertainty: How Russia-Ukraine conflict drives their prices?, Resources Policy, Volume 85, Part B, 2023,
The results of this research [1] on the "Transition towards production of electric vehicles in South Africa" released 3 days ago, are remarkably relevant. These show "that if the South African automotive industry does not transition to the Production of electric vehicles they stand a risk of losing some of their vital markets such as the United Kingdom that have made a decision to stop the sale of ICE vehicles completely by the year 2035. The results also show on the barriers that a relationship between the key barriers. Some barriers such as power outages, and battery life of the vehicle that were highlight as concerns at the beginning of the research later showed through analysis to not have such a big impact. However, some key barriers such as local market for electric vehicles and government policies as well as awareness and technical knowledge of electric vehicles showed to be big factors in the industry, this concurs with research conducted of countries with similar economic climate as South Africa"
[1] Deno Selamolela, Transition towards production of electric vehicles in South Africa, MPhil, University of Johannesburg
Handle: https://hdl.handle.net/10210/504591
On life-cycle performance in studying environmental impact issues. This paper [1] by Petrakopoulou & Batuecasby (2021), "introduced and validated an exergy-based socioeconomic analysis (ESEC) method that can be used to evaluate energy systems at their design stage under thermodynamic, economic, and environmental criteria. The environmental performance is evaluated with a life-cycle assessment and the environmental impacts calculated are converted into costs. These external costs are combined with those of a conventional economic analysis and the resulting total costs are coupled with an exergetic analysis to carry out the component-level ESEC evaluation...The two power plants used in the study were a conventional combined-cycle power plant (reference plant) and a plant with similar structure including chemical looping combustion (CLC) for CO2 capture....As expected, the environmental implications of the construction phase (i.e., construction materials needed in a plant) were much less significant when compared to the operational phase (i.e., the fuel consumption). The inclusion of the external costs of the construction phase led to a small increase in the levelized cost of electricity. However, the inclusion of the operational phase, increased the LCOE by 35.4% and 17.6% in the reference and CLC cases, respectively..."
[1] Petrakopoulou, F., & Batuecas, E. (2021). Introduction to an exergy-based socioeconomic analysis. Energy Conversion and Management, 249, 114853.
available on:
https://fontina-petrakopoulou.github.io/files/articles/2021_ESEC_EnConvMan.pdf
This is an interesting recent overview [1] of civil nuclear energy in the world and the associated geopolitical issues by Lewandowski (2023): "Change climate and energy crisis: new deal for global civil nuclear power". One may read there: "The second largest source of low-carbon electricity in the world, the first in the EU, it is a major asset in the fight against climate change. It also contributes, over the long term, to the security of electricity supply and the economic development of the countries that use it. It is in the light of these different criteria that the “return to grace” of nuclear power observed in several European countries since 2020 is assessed. “Nuclear diplomacy” is therefore more active than ever: while the barycenter of new nuclear power is now in Russia and China, the United States is very committed to regaining its leadership by massively supporting its research and its national industry, especially in the field of small modular reactors, and by developing its international partnerships. In this context, the success of the resumption of the great adventure of civil nuclear power in France requires a major national project allowing human, industrial and financial mobilization that will allow it to recover its vocation as a nuclear power".
[1] Lewandowski, C. (2023). Change climate and energy crisis: new deal for global civil nuclear power. Herodote, 188(1), 119-138.
See also:
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Energy_Renewable_Energy_and_Levelized_Cost_Of_Energy_LCOE_Paradoxes
Interesting Review by Ding, N., Prasad, K. and Lie, T.T. (2017) "The electric vehicle: a review’, Int. J. Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp.49–66." available on: Article The electric vehicle: A review
"Electric vehicles (EV), as a promising way to reduce the greenhouse effect, have been researched extensively. With improvements in the areas of power electrics, energy storage and support, the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) provides competitive driving range and fuel economy compared to the internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV). Operating with optimised control strategies or utilising the concept of the energy management system (EMS), the efficiency of the PHEV could be significantly improved. In this review paper, the operating process of the various types of EVs will be explained. Battery technology and supercapacitor technology will also be discussed as a possibility to increase the energy capacity of PHEV"
"... the bottleneck today is not the vehicle technology but rather the availability of “green” energy. In the fight against climate change society’s efforts have been concentrated too much on the development of vehicle technologies and not enough on the production of “green” energy. As this gap increases, embarrassing situations can arise, such as the production of fancy cars that have little to show in terms of improving climate change". This is the ultimate conclusion of the research "MODIS, T. (2023). The Preponderance of Electric Vehicles and the Availability of “Green” Electricity. To be published in a volume edited by Tessaleno Devezas, Instituto Universitário, Universidade Atlântica, Barcarena, Portugal. Preprint released 2 days ago on:
https://osf.io/tf6j2
Euro News (released 2 hours ago), Court case over climate inaction against 32 countries opens at the European Court of Human Rights. "Six young people from Portugal will take on 32 countries in the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) on Wednesday for failing to protect them against climate change. The historic trial is the first time so many countries will have to defend themselves in front of any court in the world. All 27 European Union member states, the UK, Turkey, Russia and Norway are among the defendants. The Portuguese youth, aged between 11 and 24, say governments’ inaction on climate change breaches their human rights and discriminates against young people...."
Read the article on:
https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2023/09/27/court-case-over-climate-inaction-against-32-countries-opens-at-the-european-court-of-human
See also:
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Adaptation_and_Resilience_to_Climate_Change_Temporal_Paradox_versus_Chronology_Protection_Conjecture/28
In line with the previous post: The Climate Change and Human Rights issue is not a recent topic. The well-cited Article [1] by Limon, 2009, "Human rights and climate change: Constructing a case for political action" provides an "overview of the international movement to draw linkages between climate change and human rights" and "summarizes our current understanding of the nature and extent of those linkages." The article also tries to answer "whether human rights principles should be integrated into climate change policy?" and "how the international community might usefully and practically operationalize the human rights-climate change interface?"
[1] Limon, M. (2009). Human rights and climate change: Constructing a case for political action. Harv. Envtl. L. Rev., 33, 439. Available on:
https://azkurs.org/pars_docs/refs/20/19178/19178.pdf
See also:
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Adaptation_and_Resilience_to_Climate_Change_Temporal_Paradox_versus_Chronology_Protection_Conjecture/28
Toward a Green New International Economic Order. This is what the Chapter [1] by Bowles and Andrew (released two days ago) "Global Extractive Bargains for Green New Deals" tries to put into perspective. "Many national governments, regional bodies and political parties in the Global North have advanced various versions of ‘Green New Deals’ (GNDs) designed to cut carbon dioxide emissions to meet climate change objectives. Taken together, these would involve a shift away from fossil fuels and an increase in energy from solar and wind sources as well as an expansion of ‘clean’ forms of transportation such as electric vehicles (EVs). The shift to renewables and EVs, however, will require a rise in extractivism in other parts of the global political economy especially in the Global South to supply the minerals required to power this shift. We argue that the implied ‘parallel bargains’ accompanying the GNDs are problematic and propose a new lens for global extractive bargains based on a Green New International Economic Order."
[1] Bowles, P., Andrews, N. (2023). Global Extractive Bargains for Green New Deals. In: Bowles, P., Andrews, N. (eds) Extractive Bargains. Frontiers of Globalization. Palgrave Macmillan,
The paradox of electric cars. Excerpts from: https://www.smartgreenpost.com/2021/10/06/the-paradox-of-electric-cars/ ".. one of the buzzwords if you will, is electric cars. This could be a good start, or just a way of hiding behind a finger, clearing one’s conscience, and perhaps saying that one has done everything possible to avoid the climate disaster we are heading for. For two reasons.
The first is linked to a simple numerical statement: if you want to talk about a plan to tackle climate change, you have to take into account all human activities that cause greenhouse gas emissions: according to the latest estimates (IPCC data: https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data) focusing on cars means, at best, acting on about 8% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Very, very little. At the top of the list, though decidedly against our perception, are agriculture, livestock farming and industrial power generation.
The second reason is linked to the failure to address the choice of electric cars with an integrated and supply chain strategy: it is true that these cars are powered by electricity, but most of this energy is still derived from power plants that are (still) based on coal"....
"Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), by combining several energy resources, are considered as a crucial solution to decrease fossil fuel consumption and improve the environmental challenges. The existence of an alternative energy resource and the internal combustion engine together provides optimal power distribution among them to maximise power usage and minimise fuel consumption." Excerpt from:
Azim Mohseni, N., Bayati, N., & Ebel, T. (2023). Energy management strategies of hybrid electric vehicles: A comparative review. IET Smart Grid.
Released A week ago, available on:
https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1049/stg2.12133
The graph above represents an outstanding illustration of the CO2 emission Paradox. It is of remarkable relevance and clarity for these reasons.
1. CO2 emissions are broken down into specific per capita values, which immediately shows that per capita CO2 footprints are much larger in developed and/or rich countries than in developing and/or poor countries. This raises the fundamental question relating to which categories of countries should be held responsible for the effects of global warming.
2. The countries or regions are broken down in population so that the relative CO2 emissions are only the areas of the rectangles calculated as the product (Population X emissions per capita) which gives the areas of the colored rectangles.
3. The surface of the rectangle China (in blue) is the highest: it is the emissions of China that weigh the most on the planet even if the emissions per Chinese inhabitant represent only half of the emissions of a North American or an Arabic- Saudi.
4. The poorest countries (India & all countries in Africa, for example) have very low levels of emissions per inhabitant but relatively large populations. There are two solutions: (i) Reduce populations, (ii) reduce emissions. Solution (i) is morally unacceptable, and solution (ii) is unfair unless all the world population would have the same average per per capita emission.
Source graph: See Legend
See also:
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Depopulation_versus_Overpopulation_Demographic_Growth_Transition_and_Decline_What_else_Demographic_Crisis_or_even_Demographic_Crash/1
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Sciences_Paradoxes
On Brown Paradox: Heavy rare earth free, free rare earth, and rare earth free magnets. It is commonly understood that among the intermetallic phases used for permanent magnets, practically none can fully realize its potential based on the intrinsic magnetic properties. The paper [1] discusses "different reasons leading to this limitation, known as the Brown paradox, and proposes some possible ways of overcoming it"
[1] Skokov, K. P., & Gutfleisch, O. (2018). Heavy rare earth free, free rare earth and rare earth free magnets-Vision and reality. Scripta Materialia, 154, 289-294.
See also:
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Sciences_Paradoxes/6
"Clean energy demand for critical minerals set to soar. Rare earths play an important role in emerging clean technologies, because they are critical in the production of electric vehicles, wind turbines and other clean energy applications. But their production contributes to environmental pollution." Excerpt from the conclusion of the paper:
Pangsy-Kania, S., & Flouros, F. (2022). Rare Earth Elements as A Huge Economic Challenge For The Future of Green Economy. In 40th International Business Information Management Association Conference. International Business Information Management Association. Available on:
Article Rare Earth Elements as A Huge Economic Challenge For The Fut...
When discussing the problem of contamination, associated with the production and use of REEs, the authors argue that the question of the "true cost" of REEs, is an economic paradox that poses a great challenge to the future, as REEs are the key to the Green Economy.
The paper by Millard-Ball, Adam, and Natasha Timmons. 2023. “Electric Vehicle Charging and Car Dependency.” Findings, October, released 4 days ago explores "whether policies to promote electric vehicles (EVs) impede efforts to reduce vehicle travel. We hypothesize that the presence of EV chargers reduces respondents’ willingness to support (i) the removal of on-street parking to make space for bicycle lanes, and (ii) infill development on surface parking lots. We also hypothesize that the availability of EVs reduces public support for broader vehicle travel reduction policies. Using a randomized survey-based experiment, we find no evidence to support any of these hypotheses" To be requested on:
Article Electric Vehicle Charging and Car Dependency
Winston Churchill said [1]: "We must take change by the hand or rest assuredly, change will take us by the throat". It seems that Europe has not taken this into account for its energy security and decision-makers are realizing this. Better late than never! In this respect, the commission of inquiry of the National Assembly "aiming to establish the reasons for the loss of sovereignty and energy independence of France" produced a report, presented on Thursday, April 6, 2023. The report makes 30 recommendations, most largely in support of nuclear revival, but also in favor of hydroelectricity and the development of heating networks.
Read more (in French) on:
https://www.lemondedelenergie.com/energie-france-a-pris-30-ans-retard-selon-commission-enquete-parlementaire/2023/04/07/
[1] https://www.pinterest.com/pin/we-must-take-change-by-the-hand-or-rest-assuredly-change-will-take-us-by-the-throat-winston-churchill- -198510296058348575/
Exciting reading from Soffa Clarke, Jobe, 2022, “Rare Earth” Solves the Fermi Paradox + Earth is Likely the Only Civilization in the Observable Universe. "The Fermi Paradox: the contradiction between quintillions of nearby habitable planets and zero evidence of any extraterrestrial civilization’s radio signals. Rather than speculating, this paper investigates the most probable reason for the lack of evidence: there are no civilizations in our vicinity, because civilization is extremely rare (Rare Earth Hypothesis). By using a novel statistical technique known as the “~30% rule”, this paper will further investigate 3 specific “Rare Earth events” that are generally highly unlikely to occur, and definitely necessary for civilization to exist. If we estimate the probabilities of “rare earth events” that follow the “30% rule”, we can use the principle of mediocrity to get a generalized probability range for the existence of civilization in the universe. This paper uses this idea, and current scientific knowledge and data, to estimate the probability of all “rare earth events”, and comes to the conclusion that civilization is at least 1 in (3.9 * 10^42) star systems, making earth likely the only civilization in the observable universe".
Available at:
https://ssrn.com/abstract=4291769 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4291769
"The performance of electric vehicles in terms of greenhouse gas emissions compared to ICEVs is a subject of significant debate among scholars and practitioners" Read more on: Kantumuchu, V. C. (2023). Challenges and Limitations of Electric Vehicles. In The Future of Road Transportation: Electrification and Automation, CRC Press, - 322 pages (released 5 days ago)
https://books.google.tn/books?hl=fr&lr=&id=-MzeEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA159&dq=%22greenhouse+gas+emissions%22&ots=qDvqU_Lxue&sig=MXemybi7tU5YrDRvPtRKUhfNZoA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22greenhouse%20gas%20emissions%22&f=false
"...The costs of reducing carbon emissions ...pose several challenges. One ... is that some politically appealing programs, ... appear low-cost—but are not. A second challenge is the reverse, where highly visible programs are perceived as high-cost, but are not... A third challenge is that the static costs provide at best an incomplete picture of the true costs of a particular action..." Excerpt from the conclusion of the paper (396 Citations):
Gillingham, K., & Stock, J. H. (2018). The cost of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 32(4), 53-72.
Available on:
https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdf/10.1257%2Fjep.32.4.53
See Also:
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Energy_Renewable_Energy_and_Levelized_Cost_Of_Energy_LCOE_Paradoxes
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Adaptation_and_Resilience_to_Climate_Change_Temporal_Paradox_versus_Chronology_Protection_Conjecture
On the genesis of the Global Anthropogenic effect idea. Hereafter an Excellent text extracted from the paper by Wallenhorst, N., & Wulf, C. (released 9 days ago) "Human Beings: Bridging Nature and Culture" "...In 1778 the French naturalist, Count Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon published an article in Des époques de la nature, saying that the whole face of the Earth today “bears the imprint of the power of man”. In particular, this makes humanity capable of changing the climate by impacting their environment – “Man can change the influences of the climate in which he lives, and finally set the temperature at the point that suits him” (Buffon, 1778, 237). A few centuries earlier, in July 1494, Christopher Columbus already sensed the capacity of humanity to affect the climate based on the management of deforestation - he is pleased that humans are able to control the climate. After that, between 1830 and 1833, the British geologist Charles Lyell defined the contemporary epoch in Principles of Geology as the “human epoch”; 20 years later the English geologist and philosopher William Whewell wrote that “the Human Epoch of the earth’s history is different from all the preceding Epochs” (1853, 88). In 1854, the Welsh geologist and theologian Thomas Jenkyn was the first person to identify a geological epoch marked by humanity (1854) which he defines as “the human epoch”. Two years later the English intellectual William Adams described his geological epoch based on his intuition of there being traces of human activity in sediments: “The Modern or Human epoch is illustrated by alluvial deposits, which are the effects of atmospheric and other more powerful causes: these still continue in operation, embedding remains of man and inorganic matter.” (1856, 247) About a dozen years later, in 1865, the Irish Reverend Samuel Haughton published his Manual of Geology, in which he defined the Anthropozoic epoch as the “epoch in which we live” (138). From the 1880 edition of his manual, Federau (2016, 64) picks up on one of the consequences that Haughton draws from this geological power: “Humans should be at the ‘head of the system of life’, because of their spiritual nature and their power to progress indefinitely [578–579]”. In 1863 the American geologist James Dwight Dana also published a Manual of Geology in which he referred to “The Age of Mind and the Era of Man” (130). Then the Italian geologist and priest Antonio Stoppani also described his contemporary period in the same way (1873), using the expression “Anthropozoic Era” (1873, vol. 2, 732). Next, the Russian geologist Aleksei Pavlov (1854–1929) towards the end of his life (the late 1920s), used the expression “Anthropocene” or “Anthropozoic Era” when speaking of his epoch, as mentioned by Vernadsky or Shantser (1973, 140)."
The paper is available on:
https://recherche.uco.fr/sites/default/files/fichiersbibliographiques/fichier-203-8648-3617-.pdf
See also:
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Adaptation_and_Resilience_to_Climate_Change_Temporal_Paradox_versus_Chronology_Protection_Conjecture/36
One of the factors affecting climate is solar activity, the effect of which on earth arrives with a significant lag time that makes it possible to improve court-medium-terms adaptation measures. Ongoing research is making huge progress in this field. This paper [1] concentrates on the solar influence on European precipitation, which a large body of published case studies has documented. The study is focused on the period 1901–2015 for which the monthly precipitation series of 39 European countries are compared.
The paper's findings are fascinating: central Europe encountered a negative correlation between solar activity and rainfall, probably because short time lags of a few years are negligible on timescales beyond the 11 years solar Schwabe cycle. Flood frequency typically increases during times of low solar activity associated with negative NAO conditions and more frequent blocking. The Alps form the southern limit of the Central European solar-driven rainfall region because solar/rain relationships in the southern Alps appear to flip. Amazing!
[1] Ludger Laurenz, Horst-Joachim Lüdecke, Sebastian Lüning, Influence of solar activity changes on European rainfall, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Volume 185, 2019, Pages 29-42
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364682618305273
See Also:
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Climate_Change_and_Climate_Models_Progress_and_Limits
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Adaptation_and_Resilience_to_Climate_Change_Temporal_Paradox_versus_Chronology_Protection_Conjecture
"This study [1] reveals 4 (four) important representations of electric vehicles described by the mass media in its campaign discourses: (1) electric vehicles are environmentally friendly, (2) electric vehicles are technologically advanced, (3) electric vehicles are economical, and (4) electric vehicles are a growing innovation. The mass media makes use of certain choices of words, phrases, and clauses as linguistic features to realize these four representations"
[1] Zewitra, Z., Bakhti, K. Y., & Nugraha, D. G. (2023). How does the Mass Media Represent the Concept of Electric Vehicles?. International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation, 6(8), 37-44.
Available on:
https://al-kindipublisher.com/index.php/ijllt/article/download/5656/4797
And yet! Pietri Francois Xavier's book "Voiture électrique : ils sont devenus fous", (Electric Car: they have gone crazy, published on October 12, 2022 by l'Observatoire), tells a whole different story. Excerpt. "....The list of grievances posed by the big boss is as long as an arm. Industrial risk of course, but it also includes social, societal, environmental, financial risks... However, a few weeks later, a complete U-turn. March 1, 2022, Carlos Tavares reiterates his objective of 100% electric vehicles produced in Europe in 2030, and announces record profitability objectives. Above all, he declares that the electric car “is the best path to protect the company, its employees and future generations…” It’s beyond comprehension. The about-face is radical.
Except that this bipolarity has become the lot of all manufacturers. Everyone is sorry for the diktat from Brussels. To say that it was very poorly received by the profession is an understatement. As for the political choice, it was clearly guided by lobbies which brought together, for once, ecological organizations and major electricians in the same approach. It must be said that the automobile industry is, in theory, the most easily electrifiable sector. Easier to install a battery in a vehicle than in an airplane or a factory that runs on gas or oil. Electricity then, first and foremost, even if it is nuclear or... coal, so to speak..."
In the study (released 4 days ago) by Bichler, S., & Nitzan, J., Blood and Oil in the Orient: A 2023 Update. Working Papers on Capital as Power, (2023/03), 1-13, the authors argue "that the current war between Hamas and Israel shares an important common denominator with prior clashes in the region – namely, that it constitutes an energy conflict and that it correlates with the differential nature of capital accumulation..."
Read the paper on:
https://bnarchives.yorku.ca/806/2/20231100_blood_and_oil_in_the_orient_2023_wpcasp.pdf
In a remarkable paper, Vladimir Slivyak awarded the Right Livelyhood in 2021, is telling that "while much of the debate has been focused on oil and gas, unearthed another energy dependency that is hardly talked about: nuclear fuel"..."Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Finland, Hungary and Slovakia currently have old Soviet-built VVER reactors operated on their territory, all entirely reliant on fuel supplied by Russian state-owned Rosatom"...."But the issue of nuclear energy dependency was not raised at the EU summit this week and was also not discussed during the negotiations preceding it...."different kind of dependency" on Russian nuclear fuel and services, which Putin could use to "blackmail" certain members".
Read more on: https://euobserver.com/ukraine/155108
Read more on international Rosatom activities on: Shunning Rosatom Prospects of Russia’s nuclear expansion in the context of widening global sanctions; May, 2022 https://ecdru.files.wordpress.com/2022/05/shunningrosatom-v1.pdf
See Also:
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Energy_Renewable_Energy_and_Levelized_Cost_Of_Energy_LCOE_Paradoxes
https://www.researchgate.net/post/The_energy_pattern_and_the_perspective_of_large-scale_exploitation_of_shale_gas_What_alternative_solutions
On the expansion of the nickel industry. Spurgin, S., 2023. Concerns About a Potential Critical Minerals Agreement with Indonesia, Public Citizen, United States of America. Summary: Since the year 2000, between 76,031 and 153,364 hectares of forest have been cleared for nickel mining in Indonesia, and another 500,000 ha of forest is currently threatened by the expansion of the nickel industry. The high-pressure acid leach (HPAL) process used to extract nickel from laterite mines in Indonesia leaves behind tailings which turn the ocean red, pollute other waterways and displ. [...] In Sulawesi, the coal capacity of the Morawali Industrial Park (IMIP) alone will have 5 GW of generating capacity from coal-fired plants or as much capacity as the whole of Mexico or Pakistan. Building coal plants to support nickel production is putting Indonesia on the path to be the 6th highest climate polluting country in the world and threatening to undermine the climate benefits of EVs. As. [...] Across Indonesia, 47 deaths and 76 injuries have occurred at nickel sites between 2015 and 2022, reflecting the dangers workers face at nickel smelters. On Halmahera Island, attempts to bulldoze the forest have led to confrontations with an uncontacted tribe of Indigenous Peoples, the Hongana Manyawa. [...] including freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining; (v) require that companies and projects respect and uphold the legal rights of self- determination and Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC) for Indigenous people and local communities; (vi) require companies to undertake due diligence aligned with the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Hu. [...] A just transition is within reach and can boost the prosperity of Indonesia and the United States.
https://policycommons.net/artifacts/8248232/concerns-about-a-potential-critical-minerals-agreement-with-indonesia/9165267/
On Electric Vehicles' Paradox. "..There is a paradox between “clean” EVs versus “dirty” mining of lithium and other metals with CO2 footprints. Another important factor is whether the electricity required for the operation of EVs can be generated from carbon-free sources. This paper focuses on EVs, which are propelled by only electric power;.." Excerpt from the paper:
Luong, J. H., Tran, C., & Ton-That, D. (2022). A Paradox over Electric Vehicles, Mining of Lithium for Car Batteries. Energies, 15(21), 7997.
Available on:
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/21/7997
See Also:
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Sciences_Paradoxes
The paper [1] by Ehsani et al., 2021, "State of the Art and Trends in Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles" provides insight into the current challenges and breakthroughs in the field of electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). The authors conclude that "...The fuel economy, drivability, and emissions are the main motivations for going to modern EV and HEV technologies. The HEV powertrain is more complex, in its architecture and control than the conventional and EV powertrains. This is mainly due to their two or more power sources, requiring optimal dynamic power split among them to achieve the best fuel economy..."
[1] Ehsani, M., Singh, K. V., Bansal, H. O., & Mehrjardi, R. T. (2021). State of the art and trends in electric and hybrid electric vehicles. Proceedings of the IEEE, 109(6), 967-984.
Available on:
https://biblioteca.umh.es/files/2021/06/State-of-the-Art-and-Trends-in-Electric-and-Hybrid-Electric-Vehicles.pdf
See Also:
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Art_of_State-of-the-Art_on_Science_Knowledge
Cop28. The Guardian, Dec 13, 2023, by Fiona Harveyin, After 30 years of waiting, Cop28 deal addresses the elephant in the room. He was personally vilified, but Sultan Al Jaber has managed what no other Cop presidency has ever done. Dubai. "As temperatures broke records around the world this summer, António Guterres, the UN secretary general, warned in September: “Humanity has opened the gates of hell.” On Wednesday, he hailed delegates at the Cop28 climate summit in Dubai, as two weeks of fraught talks ended. “For the first time, the outcome recognises the need to transition away from fossil fuels,” he said. “The era of fossil fuels must end, and it must end with justice and equity.”
More than 190 nations accepted a text on Wednesday morning that calls on the world to “transition away” from fossil fuels. But is this a historic deal that will spell the eventual end of gas, oil and coal? Or will it be one more step on the road to hell? In the world of climate talks, these two are not mutually exclusive. The text that was gavelled on Wednesday morning, known as the “global stocktake”, enjoins countries for the first time to embark on a de facto phase-out of fossil fuels. But it cannot require them to do so and it contains “a litany of loopholes”, according to the small island states that are most vulnerable to the impacts of the climate crisis, that will hamper the world from cutting greenhouse gas emissions drastically enough to limit global heating to 1.5C (2.7F) above pre-industrial levels.
The Cop28 president, Sultan Al Jaber, the United Arab Emirates host of the conference, hailed the adoption of the key text on Wednesday morning, and called it the “UAE consensus”. A consensus, but not quite unanimity: Samoa spoke for small island states at the final meeting to say they would not block the deal, but warned that the world was still far off track from the 1.5C limit, and this outcome was not enough to correct that course.
As they and other developing countries pointed out, there are plenty of problems with this deal. Poor nations still need hundreds of billions more in finance, to help them make the transition away from coal, oil and gas. Developed countries and oil producers will not be forced to move as fast as climate science urges..."
Read on:
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/dec/13/cop28-deal-significant-progress-tackle-climate-crisis
See Also:
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Energy_Renewable_Energy_and_Levelized_Cost_Of_Energy_LCOE_Paradoxes
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Adaptation_and_Resilience_to_Climate_Change_Temporal_Paradox_versus_Chronology_Protection_Conjecture
Hughes, D. M. (2017). Energy without conscience: oil, climate change, and complicity. Duke University Press. Available on: https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/45673/3/625276.pdf
Presentation: 'In Energy without Conscience' David McDermott Hughes investigates why climate change has yet to be seen as a moral issue. He examines the forces that render the use of fossil fuels ordinary and therefore exempt from ethical evaluation. Hughes centers his analysis on Trinidad and Tobago, which is the world's oldest petro-state, having drilled the first continuously producing oil well in 1866. Marrying historical research with interviews with Trinidadian petroleum scientists, policymakers, technicians, and managers, he draws parallels between Trinidad's eighteenth- and nineteenth-century slave labor energy economy and its contemporary oil industry. Hughes shows how both forms of energy rely upon a complicity that absolves producers and consumers from acknowledging the immoral nature of each. He passionately argues that like slavery, producing oil is a moral choice and that oil is at its most dangerous when it is accepted as an ordinary part of everyday life.
See Also:
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Science_Conscience
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Energy_Renewable_Energy_and_Levelized_Cost_Of_Energy_LCOE_Paradoxes
https://www.researchgate.net/post/The_energy_pattern_and_the_perspective_of_large-scale_exploitation_of_shale_gas_What_alternative_solutions
Strategic environmental policies: Electric Vehicles (EVs) vs Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs). "..Despite the optimism in the growth of the EV market in developed countries, the scenario in developing countries is not so encouraging. The growth in the electric car market is not high, and the reason for this slowdown comes from the reluctance to implement more aggressive policies against the use of ICEVs due to various reasons. First, the cost of these cars in the market is high compared to the low income of the majority of the population, discouraging the consumption of ICEV in favour of EVs affects consumer surplus. Second, the drop in ICEV production affects producer surplus. Third, the perception of environmental damage in developing countries is limited..." Excerpt from the Conclusion of the Paper: Espinosa Ramírez, R., & Kayalıca, M. (2023). Strategic environmental policies: Electric vehicles vs internal combustion engine vehicles Políticas ambientales estratégica: vehículos eléctricos vs vehículos de combustión interna. Contaduria y Administracion, 68(4). Available on:
https://avesis.itu.edu.tr/yayin/f5095778-2ca9-452a-804c-0e05858dc3bc/strategic-environmental-policies-electric-vehicles-vs-internal-combustion-engine-vehicles-politicas-ambientales-estrategica-vehiculos-electricos-vs-vehiculos-de-combustion-interna/document.pdf
See Also:
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Energy_Renewable_Energy_and_Levelized_Cost_Of_Energy_LCOE_Paradoxes
Merry Christmas to All Colleagues and Hope for Better Tomorrows for Humanity. Thoughts and compassion for the innocent victims of armed conflicts in Ukraine Palestine and everywhere else.
Open letter from the Palestinian Patriarch "from https://groupegaullistesceaux.fr/ (Own Translation from French)": Michel Sabbah, the former Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, addressed the global public from the birthplace of Christ in Beit Lahm, through the "Palestine 100 Initiative" platform, for this year's Christmas. In a message dedicated to war-fallen Gaza, the Patriarch said, "Christmas this year, in Beit Lahm and all over the world, is a prayer to God Almighty, to stop the war in Gaza and all of Palestine. During these days, many direct their eyes and hearts to Beit Lahm, but only an hour away, they see the war in Gaza, where humans are buried beneath the rubble of their own homes, they see children beneath the rubble, they see humanity beneath the rubble."
He regarded the war as a genocide of Palestinians, adding that Palestinians and Christians witnessing the genocide during these specific times, "must recognize that Christmas this year should not be restricted to Beit Lahm solely but must traverse to every oppressed human, particularly on the Holy Land, and it makes its way to Gaza and all of Palestine, where death reigns supreme". The patriarch called for an end to the aggressive genocide in Gaza, calling on Christians around the world to support and defend the Palestinian cause. “Gaza deserves liberation, independence and peace,” the patriarch said, adding that the root causes of war and occupation must be investigated, as Gaza and Palestine have a long history of war.
Merry Christmas to All Colleagues and Hope for Better Tomorrows for Humanity. Thoughts and compassion for the innocent victims of armed conflicts in Ukraine Palestine and everywhere else.
Open letter from the Palestinian Patriarch "from https://groupegaullistesceaux.fr/ (Own Translation from French)": Michel Sabbah, the former Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, addressed the global public from the birthplace of Christ in Beit Lahm, through the "Palestine 100 Initiative" platform, for this year's Christmas. In a message dedicated to war-fallen Gaza, the Patriarch said, "Christmas this year, in Beit Lahm and all over the world, is a prayer to God Almighty, to stop the war in Gaza and all of Palestine. During these days, many direct their eyes and hearts to Beit Lahm, but only an hour away, they see the war in Gaza, where humans are buried beneath the rubble of their own homes, they see children beneath the rubble, they see humanity beneath the rubble."
He regarded the war as a genocide of Palestinians, adding that Palestinians and Christians witnessing the genocide during these specific times, "must recognize that Christmas this year should not be restricted to Beit Lahm solely but must traverse to every oppressed human, particularly on the Holy Land, and it makes its way to Gaza and all of Palestine, where death reigns supreme". The patriarch called for an end to the aggressive genocide in Gaza, calling on Christians around the world to support and defend the Palestinian cause. “Gaza deserves liberation, independence and peace,” the patriarch said, adding that the root causes of war and occupation must be investigated, as Gaza and Palestine have a long history of war.
The study by Li et al. [1] (released 10 days ago) "Energy transition paradox: Solar and wind growth can hinder decarbonization" is based on a climate-hydrology-economics-energy model to analyze the long-run impacts of policy-driven renewables on the electricity price and finally on the carbon emissions of future energy. A remarkable finding of the research is to show that without intervention, the lower electricity price could result in a 42 % reduction in hydropower investments by 2050. With increased intermittent renewables and decreased investments in hydropower, the energy system is expected to deploy more backup fossil-fuel options, which could increase carbon emissions by 45 %. Therefore, deploying more renewable energy would depress the investments in hydropower plants and further hinder decarbonization unexpectedly, suggesting a possible paradox in the energy transition. This possible paradox calls for a new, and robust policy to ensure the benefits of decarbonization are realized regardless of potential changes electricity prices.
[1] Li, X., Liu, P., Feng, M., Jordaan, S. M., Cheng, L., Ming, B., ... & Liu, W. (2024). Energy transition paradox: Solar and wind growth can hinder decarbonization. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 192, 114220.
See :
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S136403212301078X
See Also:
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Adaptation_and_Resilience_to_Climate_Change_Temporal_Paradox_versus_Chronology_Protection_Conjecture
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Energy_Renewable_Energy_and_Levelized_Cost_Of_Energy_LCOE_Paradoxes
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