"Birdwings mainly inhabit tropical rainforests, particularly primary forests. In the author's experience, however, slightly disturbed, well-illuminated, primary forest (jungle") is preferred over undisturbed, closed (i. e. dimly-illuminated), primary forest. Such environments are mostly those formed during the transition from human disturbed or cultivated ground to climax forest and include narrow trails, open spaces and open forests. Depending on species, some birdwings prefer darker places or better illuminated places but most are known to frequent villages.In recent years, selective logging within tropical forests. (rather than complete felling of all trees) has been adopted. If primary forest is thinned in this way without too much damage to birdwing foodplants, such a site may provide suitable habitat for birdwings. Secondary forest is, therefore, also a habitat of birdwings. Indeed, some species will occupy only secondary forest. However, 'secondary forest in most accounts within this text is used almost synonymously with'primary forest-like environment' (rather than referring to forest formed by successional recovery of vegetation following clear-felling). Birdwing habitats can be loosely divided into emergence sites and nectaring sites. An emergence site is one where larval foodplants grow and where eggs, larvae, and pupae occur. Nectaring sites are those where flowers occur and at which adults feed on nectar."