A Novel Mouse Model of Schistosoma haematobium Egg-Induced Immunopathology
Chi-Ling Fu, Justin I. Odegaard, De'Broski R. Herbert, Michael H. Hsieh
· Published: March 29, 2012
· http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002605
Mice
7 to 8 week-old female BALB/c mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratories. All experimental procedures were carried out in accordance with the APLAC protocol and the institutional guidelines set by the Veterinary Service Center at Stanford University.
S. haematobium egg isolation
S. haematobium-infected LVG hamsters were obtained from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Schistosomiasis Resource Center of the National Institutes of Health. The hamsters were sacrificed at the point of maximal liver and intestinal Schistosoma egg levels (18 weeks post-infection [74]), at which time livers and intestines were minced, homogenized in a Waring blender, resuspended in 1.2% NaCl containing antibiotic-antimycotic solution (100 units Penicillin, 100 µg/mL Streptomycin and 0.25 µg/mL Amphotericin B, Sigma-Aldrich), passed through a series of stainless steel sieves with sequentially decreasing pore sizes (450 µm, 180 µm, and 100 µm), and finally retained on a 45 µm sieve. Control injections were performed using similarly prepared liver and intestine lysates from age-matched, uninfected LVG hamsters (Charles River Laboratories).
S. haematobium egg injection
7 to 8 week-old female BALB/c mice were anesthetized with isoflurane, a midline lower abdominal incision was made, and the bladder exteriorized. Freshly prepared S. haematobium eggs (3,000 eggs in 50 µl of phosphate-buffered saline, experimental group) or uninfected hamster liver and intestinal extract (in 50 µl of phosphate-buffered saline, control group) was injected submucosally into the anterior aspect of the bladder dome [37]. Abdominal incisions were then closed with 4-0 Vicryl suture, and the surgical site was treated once with topical antibiotic ointment.
Micro-ultrasonography
At various time points after bladder wall injection, mice were anesthetized using vaporized isoflurane and their abdominal walls were depilated. Transabdominal images of the bladder were then obtained using a VisualSonics Vevo 770 high-resolution ultrasound micro-imaging system with an RMV 704 scanhead [40 MHz] (Small Animal Imaging Facility, Stanford Center for Innovation in In-Vivo Imaging).
Bladder histopathologic analysis and collagen measurement
Mice were sacrificed at serial time points 4 to 99 days after bladder wall injection, and bladders processed for routine histology. Morphologic and morphometric analyses were conducted on H&E- and Masson's Trichrome-stained sections. Total collagen content was determined from fresh-frozen (−70°C) bladder homogenates using the Sircol Soluble Collagen Assay Kit (Biocolor, Carrickfergus, United Kingdom) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Collagen concentrations were determined using standard curve analysis. Statistical comparisons were conducted using Student's t-test
In my work with Schistosoma mansoni, the best method was to anesthetize the mice with isoflurane or related anesthetic, and hang their tail into a tube of water containing newly emerged cercariae. This method has been used and published by many authors.