I would like to study the effect of some plant extract on lymphocyte karyotyping
Use different dyes after fixing chromosomes in aldehyde or osmium tetraoxide. Make the chromosomes color with improved staining techniques, including R-, T-, C-, and G-staining.Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) [19] and spectral karyotyping (SKY), which are based on the FISH technique, are relatively recent and improved techniques of chromosomal analysis. The most common methods of dyebased chromosome banding are G-(Giemsa), R-(reverse), C-(centromere) and Q-(quinacrine) banding. Bands that show strong staining are referred to as positive bands; weakly staining bands are negative bands. However the staining patterns are not black and white, different bands stain to different intensities (Francke, 1994). G-positive bands are usually just called G-bands and likewise for Rpositive (R-) bands. Positive C-bands contain constitutive heterochromatin. Q-bands are considered equivalent to Gbands. The most widely used function-based banding method is replication banding and is based on the fact that different bands replicate their DNA at different times during S phase of the cell cycle. Generally, R-band DNA is replicated earlier than G-bands (Dutrillaux et al., 1976). G-bands also correspond to the condensed chromomeres of meiotic chromosomes and R-bands to the interchromomeric regions.
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