Thank you very much everyone for the answers. The initial problem is the age of the children we want to evaluate. I've seen some studies generally used the same questionnaire as in adults. However, we have doubts about whether they will be suitable for children under 12 years of age.

Traditionally these children are often not included in studies on trauma.

Our focus is on assessing especially PTSD and other behavioral and psychological problems associated with the war.

Hi Sofian,

"The effects of war" is too general a concept. You have to reduce  it  to measurable concepts such as depression, anxiety, inner rage, powerlesness , hopelesness,etc. and then measure those effects. You could also look for more general effects of living in extreme  life conditions such as psychic numbing (see attached article) and them build your own measure. You can use drawings, content analysis of stories etc.

Good Luck, Peter

Conference Paper ¬¬¬ PSYCHIC NUMBING IN INNER CITY ADOLESCENTS

Here's a good site and there are others:

http://www.childtrauma.com/publications/assessment-instruments/

http://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jmmh/10381607.0007.203/--symptoms-of-ptsd-among-children-living-in-war-zones-in-same?rgn=main;view=fulltext

Hi Sofian,

The effects of war istoo genaral a variable. You need to narrow it down to its components: depression, anxiety, helplesness, hopelesness etc, and then measure them. You could use also a more general variable like psychic numbing and construct your own  profiles and measures(see attached study)

Good luck!

Conference Paper ¬¬¬ PSYCHIC NUMBING IN INNER CITY ADOLESCENTS

However, if it is new area of research, specifying THOSE variables would constitute a hypothesis.  Or, perhaps, the study is looking for just that-- effects  of war and to measure those effects.

There are actually a lot of them. Let's look at two of them:

|1| Punamäki, R., Peltonen, K., Diab, M., & Qouta, S. R. (2014). Psychosocial Interventions and Emotion Regulation Among War-Affected Children: Randomized Control Trial Effects. Traumatology, doi:10.1037/h0099856

"Participants were 482 Palestinian children who were randomized either to the TRT or the waiting-list control groups. They reported emotion regulation (ER), PTS, depressive, and psychological distress (SDQ) symptoms and psychosocial well-being at baseline (T1), postintervention at 3 months (T2), and the 9-month follow-up (T3). Results show that the TRT intervention was not effective in changing ER, but there was a general decrease in ER intensity. ER did not mediate the intervention effects on children’s mental health, but the decrease in the ER intensity was associated with better mental health, indicated by the decrease in posttraumatic, depressive, and distress symptoms and the increase in psychosocial well-being."

|2| Mertan, B. E., & Husnu, S. (2014). Understanding of “enemy” in Turkish Cypriot children. Peace And Conflict: Journal Of Peace Psychology, 20(4), 465-473. doi:10.1037/pac0000059

"Results suggested that Turkish Cypriot children have well-defined, concrete representations of the enemy, which change with age. Increases in age were related to more positive conceptualizations of the enemy, indicating more abstract thinking skills with maturity. Girls showed evidence of advanced emotional expressiveness in enemy conceptualization, making more reference to the character of an enemy compared with boys"

Hope that helps!

If you are interested in post traumatic stress disorder measures for children, the UCLA PTSD Reaction Index is one assessment that has been validated for children and has been used with war-affected youth.  Here's a link to an NCTSN member's publication list, many of which focus on war-affected youth: http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/theresa-betancourt/publications/

Hi Sofian,

It depends on what exactly you would like to assess. We used a screening instrument that measures a wide range of symptomatology and still found that a relevant subsample of the children were resilient (s. attached article). There are international norms for this instrument that you could use in Gaza. This could be a good way to narrow down which kind of symptomatology might be most important to measure more explicitly such as depression, aggressive behavior, or anxiety disorders.

I believe it would also be good to include a comprehensive assessment of daily functioning, i.e. if the children attend school, interact with peers and have hobbies...

Article Posttraumatic Resilience in Former Ugandan Child Soldiers

dear  Sofian

our group in Northern Ireland have published a school based study on effects of the Omagh bombing on school children (see attached copy). A similar study with adolescents is under review at present. kind regards Michael

If you want to evaluate vivid memories of traumatic events, you can use the Phenomenological Questionnaire of Autobiographical Memories. Also you can use the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire which is part of the Istanbul Protocol.

Data Phenomenological Questionnaire on Autobiographical Memory

Thank you very much everyone for the answers. The initial problem is the age of the children we want to evaluate. I've seen some studies generally used the same questionnaire as in adults. However, we have doubts about whether they will be suitable for children under 12 years of age.

Traditionally these children are often not included in studies on trauma.

Our focus is on assessing especially PTSD and other behavioral and psychological problems associated with the war.

As my country Iran  had a long time war with Iraq you can see the Iranian publications with key terms of Iranian children and war

or see my paper regarding suicide among children in Iran

Well, dear colleagues, not only is, the " effects of..." acceptable, all one has to do is apply these terms for a search and see how often and acceptable it is, but add .."of war on children," and see just how much literature there is on the subject, "effects of war on children. " 

Of course, used in a TITLE of an article is probably to keep it short,  and not list each and every variable regardless of intensity, numbers, or other measure.  My (educated) guess is that "effects" is directly and explicitly described/measured in the articles (literature) that use this term, if not at the start, surely in the findings. 

If, on the  other  hand, researchers want to examine specific variables, such as stress, depression,  acting out behaviors, etc., there has to be a rationale/explanation, usually from the literature on previous findings or similar instances.  Here is a good book on the subject that includes a look at the issue historically.

The Psychological Effects of War and Violence on Children (2014) edited by Lewis A. Leavitt, Director Child Development Lab and Nathan A Fox.

The scarce literature on mental health outcomes of former child soldiers and on children's war experiences and exposure to extreme violence almost exclusively focuses on the signs and symptoms of PTSD, which represents only

a fraction of the wide range of psychosocial implications of wartime violence

(Betancourt et al, 2010; Wessells, 2006). This trauma-focused Western medical approach has been criticized for its emphasis on pathology and deficits (Wessells, 2006; Betancourt et al, 2008; 2010; Klasen et al, 2010).Using a resilience frame, a few studies have explored former child soldiers disarmament, demobilization, reintegration and rehabilitation (DDRR) as well as positive adaptation, psychosocial adjustment and adaptive capacities of former child soldiers (Klasen et al, 2010; Wessells, 2006). The mental health of war affected children and the

effects of traumas are complex, given that experiences of war entail exposure

to multiple stressors including violence, displacement, family separation, loss and

bereavement, disruption of education, experiences of migration and the breaking of social ties.  The assessment and treatment of war affected children should begin with the rating of the severity and quantity of violence exposure (see for example  the Children’s Revised Impact of Event Scale, CRIES), followed by measures of psychosocial functioning (i.e. Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children, DSRS;Post-traumatic Cognitions Inventory, PTCI; the Self-Report for Childhood Anxiety Related Disorders, SCARED).  It is important to acknowledge that  not all outcomes of war solely lead to loss and disability. Traumatic events can promote creative coping skills, and be transformed into a source of strength and resilience. The assessment of children and families who have experienced war should, thus, include an exploration of several important themes:

- The family’s experiences in their home and host country                                               -  The child's exposure to violence (length, type) and  the perceived subjective impact  of such experience (appraisal)                                                                                - The child’s symptoms  

- Symptoms experienced by other family members

- Familial and individual strengths

- Resources and previous help-seeking trajectories

- a negotiation of the complex reconstruction of the family and its social

network.

Also, it is important  the timing of these inquiries, the ways in which this information is solicited and cultural values around disclosure.

You can download some assessment tools here: http://www.childrenandwar.org/measures/

Betancourt TS, Brennan RT, Rubin-Smith J et al (2010). Sierra Leone’s former child soldiers: a longitudinal study of risk, protective factors, and mental health. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49:606-615.

Betancourt TS, Borisova I, Rubin-Smith J et al (2008). Pyschosocial Adjustment and Social Reintegration of Children Associated with Armed Groups: The State of The Field and Future Directions. Austin, TX: Psychology Beyond Borders.

Wessells M (2006). Child Soldiers: From Violence to Protection. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Klasen F, Oettingen G, Daniels J et al (2010). Postraumatic resilience in former ugandan child soldiers. Child Development, 81:1096-1113.

"The scarce literature on mental health outcomes of former child soldiers and on children's war experiences and exposure to extreme violence almost exclusively focuses on the signs and symptoms of PTSD, which represents only a a fraction of the wide range of psychosocial implications of wartime violence. This trauma-focused Western medical approach has been criticized for its emphasis on pathology and deficits."

I would be happy to conduct an entire, comprehensive  literature review to demonstrate the fallacy of the above conclusions.  The issues of violence and resiliency have long been studied  in the "West" in terms of urban violence and domestic abuse, followed by studies of war and survival. Here are just a few brief examples.  One includes an entire course on children's resiliency by a professor who what spent many years studying the issue of children's resiliency.

It is important to keep  in  mind that lack of knowledge/awareness on the existence of a literature/research on a subject does not equal its nonexistence.

Ordinary Magic Resilience in Development, Ann S. Masten

http://youtu.be/eCk1gzEhStA   Sign up for "Resilience in Children Exposed to Trauma, Disaster and War: Global Perspectives" at http://www.coursera.org/course/resili.... This course, taught by Ann Masten from University of Minnesota, is offered on the Coursera platform for free.

http://www.guilford.com/books/Ordinary-Magic/Ann-Masten/9781462517169

Resilience in Children Exposed to Trauma, Disaster and War: Global Perspectives

https://www.coursera.org/course/resilienceinchildren

http://www.melissainstitute.org/documents/effectsofwar.pdf

http://www.springer.com/psychology/child+%26+school+psychology/book/978-1-4614-6374-0

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2613765/pdf/nihms81745.pdf

This one can be accessed right here on this site, coauthored by a colleague: "Child development in the context of disaster, war, and terrorism: pathways of risk and resilience."

Here are a few refs:

Psychosocial Interventions and Emotion Regulation Among War-Affected Children: Randomized Control Trial Effects.

Full Text Available

Academic Journal

Punamäki, Raija-Leena Peltonen, Kirsi Diab, Marwan Qouta, Samir R. ; Traumatology, Aug 11, 2014. Publisher: Educational Publishing Foundation

Emotion regulation (ER) is crucial for children’s mental health in general and traumatic stress in particular. Therefore, therapeutic interventions for posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) addres...

Add to folder

PDF Full Text (182K)Serials Solutions 360 LinkCheck for Full Text

2.

Distress and growth: The subjective “lived” experiences of being the child of a Vietnam veteran.

Full Text Available

Academic Journal

McCormack, Lynne Sly, Rachel ; Traumatology, Vol 19(4), Dec, 2013. pp. 303-312. Publisher: Sage Publications [Journal Article]

There is a paucity of research into the positive and negative intergenerational psychological effects of war-related trauma, particularly from a child’s perspective. Therefore, this study aimed t...

Subjects: Distress; Life Experiences; Military Veterans; Posttraumatic Growth; Adulthood (18 yrs & older); Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs); Thirties (30-39 yrs); Female

Add to folder

Cited References: (44)

HTML Full TextPDF Full Text (98K)Serials Solutions 360 LinkCheck for Full Text

3.

“We are raising our children in fear”: War, community violence, and parenting practices in El Salvador.

Full Text Available

Academic Journal

Rojas-Flores, Lisseth Herrera, Sofia Currier, Joseph M. Lin, Elizabeth Y. Kulzer, Rebecca Foy, David W. ; International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation, Vol 2(4), Oct, 2013. pp. 269-285. Publisher: Educational Publishing Foundation [Journal Article]

Unprecedented gang violence in El Salvador places children and their families at high risk for experiencing multiple traumas. The influence of lifetime exposure to community violence on parenting...

Subjects: Communities; Parenting Style; Violence; War; Parenting; Adulthood (18 yrs & older); Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs); Thirties (30-39 yrs); Middle Age (40-64 yrs); Male; Female

Add to folder

Cited References: (69)

HTML Full TextPDF Full Text (178K)Serials Solutions 360 LinkCheck for Full Text

4.

Alleviating the effects of war and displacement on children.

Full Text Available

Academic Journal

Yule, William ; Traumatology, Vol 8(3), Sep, 2002. pp. 160-180. Publisher: Academy of Traumatology [Journal Article]

The mental health of children is severely compromised by war and consequent displacement. Nations have a duty under various UN agreements to alleviate the effects of war on children’s mental heal...

Subjects: Childhood Development; Community Services; Intervention; Trauma; War; Childhood (birth-12 yrs)

Add to folder

Cited References: (49) Times Cited in this Database: (1)

HTML Full TextPDF Full Text (189K)Serials Solutions 360 LinkCheck for Full Text

5.

Special issue follow-up: The effects of war on children.

Full Text Available

Academic Journal

Wessells, Michael Du Nann Winter, Deborah ; Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, Vol 5(3), Sep, 1999. pp. 199. Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum [Editorial]

Throughout the world, children suffer the brutal effects of armed conflict. Over 70% of Kosova's 1.8 million ethnic Albanians are under 30. In the rush, terror, and confusion from forced eviction...

Subjects: Childhood Development; Conflict; Peace; War; Childhood (birth-12 yrs)

Add to folder

HTML Full TextPDF Full Text (26K)Serials Solutions 360 LinkCheck for Full Text

6.

Children's reactions to the war.

Full Text Available

Academic Journal

Bender, Lauretta Frosch, John ; American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, Vol 12(4), Oct, 1942. pp. 571-586. Publisher: American Orthopsychiatric Association, Inc. [Journal Article]

This study was undertaken on the Children’s Ward of Bellevue of the reactions to war of children between the ages of 7 and 13. This study notices that, what the attitude of children has thus far ...

Subjects: Child Attitudes; Threat; War; Childhood (birth-12 yrs); School Age (6-12 yrs); Adolescence (13-17 yrs); Male; Female

Add to folder

Cited References: (10) Times Cited in this Database: (2)

PDF Full Text (988K)Serials Solutions 360 LinkCheck for Full Text

7.

When a parent goes to war: Effects of parental deployment on very young children and implications for intervention.

Full Text Available

Academic Journal

Paris, Ruth DeVoe, Ellen R. Ross, Abigail M. Acker, Michelle L. ; American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, Vol 80(4), Oct, 2010. pp. 610-618. Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd. [Journal Article]

Young children (birth through 5 years of age) are disproportionately represented in U.S. military families with a deployed parent. Because of their developmental capacity to deal with prolonged s...

Subjects: Early Childhood Development; Intervention; Military Deployment; Parental Absence; War

Add to folder

Cited References: (83) Times Cited in this Database: (1)

HTML Full TextPDF Full Text (117K)Serials Solutions 360 LinkCheck for Full Text

8.

Effects of the nuclear war threat on children and teenagers: Implications for professionals.

Full Text Available

Academic Journal

Schwebel, Milton ; American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, Vol 52(4), Oct, 1982. pp. 608-618. Publisher: American Orthopsychiatric Association, Inc. [Journal Article]

Interview studies of youngsters are cited as evidence of their pervasive awareness of the possibility of nuclear cataclysm. It is suggested that the nuclear threat is a contributing factor in anx...

Subjects: Age Differences; Awareness; Mental Health; Nuclear War; Professional Ethics; Adulthood (18 yrs & older)

Add to folder

Cited References: (16) Times Cited in this Database: (12)

PDF Full Text (703K)Serials Solutions 360 LinkCheck for Full Text

9.

Effects of war and organized violence on children: A study of Bosnian refugees in Sweden.

Full Text Available

Academic Journal

Angel, Birgitta Hjern, Anders Ingleby, David ; American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, Vol 71(1), Jan, 2001. pp. 4-15. Publisher: American Orthopsychiatric Association, Inc. [Journal Article]

Data from 99 school-aged Bosnian refugee children (6–16 yrs old) living in Sweden were analyzed to reveal the patterns of War stress experienced and the relation between these stressors and curre...

Subjects: Psychological Stress; Psychopathology; Refugees; War; Childhood (birth-12 yrs); School Age (6-12 yrs); Male; Female

Add to folder

Cited References: (29) Times Cited in this Database: (1)

Please consider visiting "The Power of Together"; "One Family Overcoming Terror Together". [email protected]. or call 011 972-2-539-9000 or fax 011 972 539-9011.

Mrhaba, this may help,

Saigh, P. A. (1985). Adolescent anxiety following varying degrees of war stress in Lebanon. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 4, 210-215. Saigh, P. A. (1985). An experimental analysis of delayed posttraumatic stress disorder among adolescents. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 145, 125-131. Saigh, P. A. (1986). In vitro flooding of a 6 year-old boy’ posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 685-689. Journal of Special Education, 11, 73-80 Saigh, P. A. (1987). In vitro flooding of a childhood posttraumatic stress disorder. School Psychology Review, 16, 203-211. Saigh, P. A. (1987). In vitro flooding of childhood posttraumatic stress disorders: A systematic replication. Professional School Psychology, 2, 133-144. 25, 287-308. Saigh, P. A. (1988). Anxiety, depression, and assertion across alternating intervals of stress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 338-341. Saigh, P. A. (1988). The validity of the DSM-III posttraumatic stress disorder as applied to adolescents. Professional School Psychology, 3, 283-290. Saigh, P. A. (1989). The use of in vitro flooding in the treatment of traumatized adolescents. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 10, 17-21. Saigh, P. A. (1989). The validity of the posttraumatic stress disorder classification as applied to children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, 189-192. Saigh, P .A. (1989). A comparative analysis of the affective and behavioral parameters of traumatized and non-traumatized adolescents. Journal of School Psychology, 27, 247-256 Saigh, P. A. (1991). On the development of posttraumatic stress disorder pursuant to different modes of traumatization. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 29, 213-217. Saigh, P. A. (1992). Verbally mediated childhood posttraumatic stress disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 704-707. Saigh, P. A. (1992). The behavioral treatment of child and adolescent posttraumatic stress disorder. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 14, 247-275. Saigh, P. A., Mroueh, M., Zimmerman, B. J., & Fairbank, J. A. (1995). Self efficacy expectations among traumatized adolescents. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 701-705. Saigh, P .A., Mroueh, M., & Bremner, D. J. (1997). Academic impairments among traumatized adolescents. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 429-436.

Best

Philip Saigh

Let me know if you have trouble obtaining these.  Pick three to five and message me.  I  will see what I can do. *ed*

We had reviewed some of the pertinent references on child exposure to war and terrorism in the following.  Of particular interest were the Laor et al. papers on the SCUD missile attacks. 

Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2004 Sep;27(3):473-89.

Preschoolers' traumatic stress post-9/11: relational and developmental perspectives.

Coates S1, Schechter D.

Abstract

This article focuses on the relational and developmental aspects of young children's post-traumatic stress reactions to specific events such a terrorists attacks, car accidents, or single traumatic medical interventions.

Many are on my page and may be down loaded.

The Social Profile can be used to measure the social interaction of children, adolescents and adults. Go to www.Social-Profile.com to become acquainted with some details.

Mary Donohue

Mary-Helen, The Social Profile can measure whether children exposed to war are at the expected level of social interaction in their family, play and school groups. Mary E.

Mary V. Donohue  Please tell how  is that related to effect of war on children,  the question of this thread

Some studies show that victims previously long exposed to traumatic situations have high degrees of resilience that helps them survive. Even the characteristics memories away from the typically expected to traumatic memories. In my profile you can see some of the studies that we have conducted with different types of victims.

Dear Sofián, Kindly note that the papers that I listed all involved Lebanese children with severe trauma exposure. Further note that the case control studies used reliable and valid tests that differentiated between traumatized children with or without PTSD and controls. 

Best

Philip

Thank you, Mary.  I am not familiar with that measure (will check it out), but I immediately would question this from different aspects.  Is the measure valid and reliable?  What criteria is used to define and measure, "expected levels of interaction," since children as individuals may differ in this as well as other areas. 

My questions come from what is recent/popular (especially when parents listen, without question) to consider shy/shyness as a malady that leads to treatment, even drugs for children who, as shy would not be at such "expected levels of interaction." Where do these come from?

Also, it would then be the possibility that some children were not at those expected levels before their war experience.  There would be no baseline/BEFORE those experiences.

Last, there are salient cultural difference in what is "expected" of children.  Several cultures do not expect lively interaction and instead, children are more expected to be somewhat quiet and or reticent. So what of their expected level of interection?

Thank you all for the answers.

Please  find it here:

Download CPSS Child PTSD Symptom Scale (English Version)

you may want to check the work of Thomas Elbert and his team at Konstanz University

best, gisela

Brian Barber at the University of Tennessee at Knoxville has done some powerful work on the implications of war on teens.

I sent  the answer via my email to  Dr Sufian

Look at Theresa Betancourt work in Rwanda, very informative. 

http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/theresa-betancourt/

Please see the special issues I helped guest-edit for the Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma. 

Kerig, P. K. & Wainryb, C. (Guest editors). (2013). Special issue: Trauma and resilience among child soldiers around the world. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, and Trauma.

Kerig, P. K. & Wainryb, C. (Guest editors). (2013). Special issue: Interventions to promote reintegration of traumatized youth conscripted as child soldiers. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, and Trauma

look at the work by Tomas Elbert, University of Konstanz

Dear Sofián:

These articles may be useful for you:

1) The Invisible Trauma of War-Affected Children

Millions of children struggle with the physical and psychological traumas of war

Published on April 27, 2013 by Robert T. Muller, Ph.D. in Talking About Trauma

2) Pediatr Nurs. 2002 Nov-Dec;28(6):626-9.

Effects of trauma and war on children.

Meier E.

3)Baker AM. "The psychological impact of the Intifada on Palestinian children in the occupied West Bank and Gaza: An exploratory study," American Journal of Orthopsychiatry vol 60(4): 496-505. 1990. doi: 10.1037/h0079207

Cairns E. Children and Political Violence. Blackwell, Oxford, England. 1996.

4)Garbarino J and Kostelny K. "What do we need to know to understand children in war and community violence?" In Apfel RJ and Simmon B, eds, Minefields in Their Hearts: The Mental Health of Children in War and Communal Violence. 33-51. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 1996.

5)Gerrity E, Keane TM, and Tuma F, eds. The Mental Health Consequences of Torture. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York. 2001.

6)Goldstein RD, Wampler NS, and Wise PH. "War experiences and distress symptoms of Bosnian children," American Academy of Pediatrics vol 100: 873-878. 1997. Click here to find this article on the publisher's website. doi: 10.1542/peds.100.5.873

Best regards

Another important thing within the above mentioned literature is to be careful with regard to how we come to conceptualize trauma in prepubescent children - it is important to both conceptualize trauma and then to provide clear parameters in terms of how it is operationalized in terms of its measurement

What journal with IF may be interested in publishing a paper on traumatic memories in Gaza?

Thank you all for the answers.

Thank you very much everyone for the answers.

i think instrument on PTSD would help as you are referring to the children involved in war is it?

The Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES): Validity as a screening instrument for PTSD

link: https://scholar.google.com.my/scholar?q=instrument+for+evaluates+trauma+and+the+effect+of+war+on+children&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5

try this..hope its help u lil bit.

You could use child trauma questionnaire (CTQ) and/or Children's Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Inventory and you could also use dysexecutive behavior  assessment also - on a side note, I am very interested in your research area - as I did couple of studies on children of mothers who are addicts and also of ex-inmates - so if there is an opportunity to collaborate I would very interested in working with you and even coming over to work with you on this project. We also have a resilience scale that measure developmental assets - if you are interested please contact me directly via email - look forward to hearing from you  

please contact Dr. Elbert, or Maggie Schauer, Univ.of Konstanz, for further information on methods and studies on trauma.

Here are some references that may be helpful:

(1984). Children of war.  By Roger Rosenblatt.  Middle East Journal, 38, 351.   

Children in conflict /

Morris Fraser

1977, ©1973

English  Book xiv, 167 pages ; 22 cm

New York : Basic Books, ; ISBN: 0465010431 9780465010431

The psychological effects of war and violence on children /

Lewis A Leavitt;  Nathan A Fox

1993

English  Book xix, 374 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm

Hillsdale, N.J. : L. Erlbaum Associates, ; ISBN: 0805811710 9780805811711 0805811729 9780805811728

The thing is not so much the deterioration in the quality of family life, as in the duration of the war. We are talking about the depletion of the resources of the body of the mother.

 To reduce the fetal anthropometric parameters need to famine lasted for at least 3 years. Even without war, worsening the quality of life of more than 10 years, it gives a more significant effect

.

Fear Psychosys - A Traumatic Child - Effect on War - Psychologically Crippled .