I am not sure if such research exists, but I would be looking for some research specifically made to categorize the different possible types of depression on a clinical (symptomatological) level. Thank you for your help. :)
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–5) is the official manual, and includes a description for several types of depressive disorder. E.g. major depressive disorder(MDD), dysthymia, premenstrual, etc. And for each of them it provides a list of symptoms that characterize the specific type. It is being used in clinical practice too.