These two great scientists understood neither the concept of macroscopic entropy S, nor the second law of thermodynamics,

dS .GE. dQ/T . . . (1)

introduced by Clausius, Kelvin, and others.

Only Boltzmann's 1877 formula for microscopic entropy s,

s = kB Log W . ., . (2),

with s approaching 0 as the temperature T in degrees Kelvin approaches zero, explained the concept of entropy.

This is Boltzmann's greatest achievement, engraved on his tombstone in Vienna, and considered one of the most important and precise formulas in the history of science.

This equation, which shocked the entire world, is the only derivation of the agreed definition of macroscopic entropy S, which appeared as early as 1850.

It was not until Boltzmann's time, in 1877, that macroscopic entropy S found a mathematical basis based on a well-defined molecular structure (microscopic s coinciding with macroscopic S).

A. Einstein always challenged Equation 2 itself, due to its purely statistical derivation, performed by Boltzmann, and claimed that the proof should be based on both statistical mechanics and Newtonian dynamics, which was clearly absent from Equation 1.

It is clear that at the time, the concept and existence of the statistical proof later proposed by the Cairo theory of techniques were absent.

It is quite surprising that Boltzmann's statistical proof follows the same rules as the Cairo theory of techniques, which appeared 150 years later.

Feynman's objection is unfounded and does not merit discussion.

Formula 2 seems to be one of the few ancient topics where mathematics still lags behind physics.