How can we detect water leakage in terms of flow from a wall, which sensing technique could be used? The measurements should be discrete and maximum power should be of 10 micro watts as the decive has to be operatred with a gernal purpose battery.
For a simple electrical detection: set 2 small inox nails on the wall, having a battery ~1.5V and a galvanometer (uA range, or less). If water leakage cross this 2 nails' line then the galvanometer will start to detect it (leakage); otherwise, it fails.
For a better (and a more reliable) detection[1]: set 4 small inox nails on the wall, 2 nails under ~1.5V and nearby them, 2 other nails with a V-measuring dmm (mVolt range). If water leakage cross the 4 nails' topologicaly enclosed area[1], then the dmm will start to detect it (leakage); otherwise, it fails.
By coping, one of the above sets, in another place of the wall, then the (water leakage) detection's reliability, increases, more.
1. A method close to VdPauw method. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Pauw_method
The two most used methods for your case are moisture measurement and thermography. For the first, depending on the material of your wall you can use for instance one of the following inexpensive moisture meters: https://de.trotec.com/en/products-services/measuring-devices/humidity/
Thermography works in leak detection because the vaporization of water will make areas with higher moisture content colder.
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