In Pakistan, walnut is cultivated on 3.12 thousand ha producing 21.6 thousand tonnes giving an average yield of 6.9 *6.9 tonnes per ha*. Global trade of walnut reached to US $ 3.4 billion in 2019.

In general, for walnut you can use square spacings of 1.5x1.5m to 3x3 m or the equivalent triangular spacing (which is 15% more trees). As the stand grows, the lower the spacing, the lower the lateral branch growth due to competition. However, this will cause lower diameter growth of trees, so, you should increase the spacing with thinning interventions to keep an acceptable diameter growth for the final harvest. Pruning could be needed

to reduce branchiness and large knot formation in the main stem. Consideration of the genetic material to use is important, as for many species there are provenances characterized by having a low tendency to branchiness and formation of large crowns vs. provenances with a trend to form large crowns with branch formation predominating over apical growth.

The latest are the best for producing nuts instead of timber.

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In Korea, 400 to 800 plantings per ha are recommended (Juglans regia), and they are designed at intervals of 4x5m, 5x5m, and 5x6m depending on the conditions.

1. *Juglans regia*:

- 2.5-3.5 meters (8-11.5 feet) between trees, with a density of 900-1,600 trees per hectare (ha) or 360-640 trees per acre (ac).

- This density allows for good stem form development and minimizes lateral branching.

2. *Juglans nigra*:

- 3-4 meters (10-13 feet) between trees, with a density of 600-1,000 trees/ha or 240-400 trees/ac.

- Black walnut is more shade-tolerant than English walnut, so slightly wider spacing can be used.

Keep in mind that these densities are general guidelines and may vary depending on factors like:

- Site conditions (e.g., soil quality, climate, topography)

- Genetic material (e.g., cultivar, seed source)

- Silvicultural objectives (e.g., timber quality, biodiversity)

- Thinning regimes (e.g., frequency, intensity)

To further minimize lateral branch growth:

- Plant high-quality, straight nursery stock

- Use appropriate pruning and thinning techniques

- Maintain a consistent canopy structure through selective thinning

- Monitor and control competing vegetation

In addition to this what you need depend on your focus. If what you need is just the best planting distance to make it tall the recommended distance will be the best, but if you focus at fruits from the trees then the wider the planting space the more it will be developing branches which is good for fruit trees, but if you want to discourage branches and you are only after the timber or pole, the closer the better but must be appropriate for it not to be too thin.