Voc is 0.88, FF is 0.60, Jsc is 14.84, I need some suggestions as this structure already got over 10% in some publication.co-solvent for my PbI2 and MAI is GBL:DMSO.
According to the investigations in the paper given in the Link: http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2015/CC/C5CC01483B, the lower efficiency is due to the morphology of the deposited ETL, PCBM. It is so, if it is not smooth enough, it may not cover completely the perovsite layer and the silver can touch directly the perovskite in the bare areas from the ETL. This will increase the dark current of the solar cell appreciable because of the enhanced recombination of the charge carriers at the interface between the silver and the perovsite. They solve this problem by double layered ETL. For more information please see the given link above.
According to the investigations in the paper given in the Link: http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2015/CC/C5CC01483B, the lower efficiency is due to the morphology of the deposited ETL, PCBM. It is so, if it is not smooth enough, it may not cover completely the perovsite layer and the silver can touch directly the perovskite in the bare areas from the ETL. This will increase the dark current of the solar cell appreciable because of the enhanced recombination of the charge carriers at the interface between the silver and the perovsite. They solve this problem by double layered ETL. For more information please see the given link above.
We've found adding a very thin layer of bathocuproine often helps with the fill factor and general device performance. Additionally try leaving the finished devices in ambient light and atmosphere for several hours after testing and test again. We've seen performance increase by as much as 6% with that additional air exposure.
PSC is combination of distinct layers; each layer has significant role in order to get highly efficient and stable device. There may be some reasons for low performance such as selection of inappropriate materials, non uniformity in layers, degradation of absorber layer, degradation of electrodes etc. One more thing, absorption coefficient, product of charge carrier mobility and lifetime should be high and drift length should be sufficiently large.