Dear Mahmut,

An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is processed and refined into more useful products such as petroleum naphtha, gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas. Oil refineries are typically large, sprawling industrial complexes with extensive piping running throughout, carrying streams of fluids between large chemical processing units. In many ways, oil refineries use much of the technology of, and can be thought of, as types of chemical plants. The crude oil feed stock has typically been processed by an oil production plant. There is usually an oil depot at or near an oil refinery for the storage of incoming crude oil feedstock as well as bulk liquid products.

Petroleum refineries are very large industrial complexes that involve a great many different processing units and auxiliary facilities such as utility units and storage tanks. Each refinery has its own unique arrangement and combination of refining processes largely determined by the refinery location, desired products and economic considerations. There are most probably no two refineries that are identical in every respect.

Oil in the process of production is also required by production wells, injection wells and observation wells on the oil and gas reservoirs for mining, observation and control, oil refining, can be obtained can be divided into four categories: fuel, lubricating oil, bitumen, solvent;

Barrel of crude oil has a mixture of all sorts of hydrocarbons in it. Oil refining separates everything into useful substances. Chemists use the following steps:

1. The oldest and most common way to separate things into various components (called fractions), is to do it using the differences in boiling temperature. This process is called fractional distillation. You basically heat crude oil up, let it vaporize and then condense the vapor.

2. Newer techniques use Chemical processing on some of the fractions to make others, in a process called conversion. Chemical processing, for example, can break longer chains into shorter ones. This allows a refinery to turn diesel fuel into gasoline depending on the demand for gasoline.

3. Refineries must treat the fractions to remove impurities.

4. Refineries combine the various fractions (processed, unprocessed) into mixtures to make desired products. For example, different mixtures of chains can create gasolines with different octane reading.

For detail Please find attached herewith related articles and links, Image

with best regards,

Prem Baboo

http://hindustanpetroleum.com/refiningprocess

https://bharatpetroleum.com/Our-Businesses/Refineries/Kochi-Refinery/Process.aspx

Dear Prem, 

Thank you for your answer. 

l would like to give information about our product. So we conversion biomass to diesel (when you look distilation result we can say our product approx. % 90 diesel) But our product involve sulphur between 3000-4000 ppm. How can we remove sulphur from our product? Could you give us about process parameters? Pressure in tank, process temperature etc. 

Dear Mahmut,,

ZnO and CuO adsorbers are also used for sulphur

Sulphur They mostly occur as hydrogen sulfide having small amount of carbonyl sulfide. Sulphur contaminants in concentration may range from 0.1 Ml L-1 to 30 Ml L-1 . Biomass has less Sulphur amount than coal. It contains only 0.1 g/kg to 0.5 g/kg Sulphur compared to 50 g/kg as obtained from coal. Sulphur compounds may corrode to metal surface. If syngas is supposed to burned, Sulphur is oxidized to Sulphur dioxide which is a regulated pollutant. Even its small amount can poison catalyst which is used for cleaning process of syngas. In order to avoid these effects, often removal in parts per billion is required. More than 30 technologies have been formed to remove Sulphur compounds including CO2

 Zn and Cu oxides have removal efficiencies that exceed 99% combination of metals used as adsorbents such as Zn ferrites have better efficiency and regeneration properties e.g. the fresh Zn ferrite catalyst was employed, it will have a high Sulphur removed capacity of more than 300g/kg. Doping is another technique in which ZnO and other sorbents with CuO to ensure low Sulphur concentrations and more prominent for first stage removal of Sulphur. Other combinations with CuO involve Al2O3 and Fe2O3. The equilibrium b/w this and CuO enhances the adsorption of Sulphur and increased the performance. Addressing to the different flow issues and mass transfer, the sorbent geometry is of great importance and it includes a variety of forms of size such as tablets or extrusions or granuales.

 diesel fuel contained higher quantities of sulfur.  preferential taxation have forced oil refineries to dramatically reduce the level of sulfur in diesel fuels. the sulfur content has dramatically reduced during the last 20 years. Automotive diesel fuel is covered by standard EN 590. In the 1990s specifications allowed a content of 2000 ppm max of sulphur, reduced to a limit of 350 ppm .

The Co-based catalyst of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is very sensitive to small amounts of sulphur compounds which rapidly deactivate the catalyst by forming surface metal sulphides. Spath et al suggested different recommendations for the maximum sulphur content in the syngas – in the development of the Fischer-Tropsch process, Fischer recommended a maximum of 4 ppm sulphur, while during time, researchers claimed that the sulphur level should be below 1 ppm or even 60 ppb. Different adsorbers are used in the laboratory scale FT plant for the adsorption of H2S and organic sulphur compounds. The activated charcoal coated with KI acts as a catalyst to convert H2S in elementary sulphur which is adsorbed. For the purification to ppb sulphur levels, fixed bed reactors with ZnO and CuO adsorbers are also used. Besides adsorption of sulphur compounds, CuO adsorber causes the conversion of alkenes to alkanes;

Dear Mahmut,

You don't say what type of biomass to diesel process you are using.  If you are making 90% diesel it is probably not F-T.  But if it is F-T it will require quite a bit of equipment (air separation, gasification, gas srubbing,  F-T reactors, light gas recycle to autothermal reforming/gasification area fractionation ,hydrotreating and large syngas recycle loops etc.

If you are using a thermal or catalytic process to convert biomass to diesel you need to recover or produce H2 and you will need fractionation and a hydrotreater to remove sulfur from the product and you will need to remove H2S with amine based scrubbibg and send the H2S sulfur plant.   It is probably best to locate your biomass to diesel process near a refinery so you do not have to build all of that extra equipment. If you give me some more details about your process I can probably give you a better answer to your question.

Hi

In relation to removal of Sulphur from diesel there are many techniques available.

Use Reactive Distillation which can react away sulphur in such form that instead of it becoming waste; it becomes a sellable by-product.

Regards

Binoy Shah