I am looking for psychological tools (scales), which allow to assess prejudices (eg. towards people of other nationalities, sexual orientation). I am interested in self-report measures of prejudice, which will be sensitive to experimental manipulations (I plan to induce particular emotional state), so rather I am looking for tools to evaluate current feelings toward foreign groups than permanent beliefs about these groups.
I would be very grateful for any help!
Hello,
The following are examples of self-report measures (thermometer scales and written attitude measures) that worked in various experimental designs...
Araya, T., Akrami, N., Ekehammar, B., & Hedlund, L. E. (2002). Reducing prejudice through priming of control-related words. Experimental Psychology, 49(3), 222.
Crone, T. S., & Beike, D. R. (2012). Priming the nonconscious goal to self-actualize: Can even the highest order goals be primed nonconsciously? The Humanistic Psychologist, 40(3), 274-282.
Degner, J., & Wentura, D. (2010). Automatic prejudice in childhood and early adolescence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(3), 356-374.
Degner, J., & Wentura, D. (2011). Types of automatically activated prejudice: Assessing possessor-versus other-relevant valence in the evaluative priming task. Social Cognition, 29(2), 182.
Devine, P. G., Plant, E. A., Amodio, D. M., Harmon-Jones, E., & Vance, S. L. (2002). The regulation of explicit and implicit race bias: The role of motivations to respond without prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(5),
Johnson, M. K., Rowatt, W. C., & LaBouff, J. (2010). Priming Christian religious concepts increases racial prejudice. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1(2), 119-126.
http://pres-outlook.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/https:__bearspace.baylor.edu_Wade_Rowatt_www_articles_Johnson%20et%20al%202010%20SPPS.pdf
Johnson, M. K., Rowatt, W. C., & LaBouff, J. (2010). "Priming christian religious concepts increases racial prejudice": Erratum. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1(3), 288. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/900619054?accountid=13608
Johnson, M. K., Rowatt, W. C., & LaBouff, J. P. (2012). Religiosity and prejudice revisited: In-group favoritism, out-group derogation, or both?. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 4(2), 154.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Megan_Shen/publication/232549172_Religiosity_and_Prejudice_Revisited_In-Group_Favoritism_Out-Group_Derogation_or_Both/links/53e26c350cf216e8321b69c9.pdf
Legault, L., Gutsell, J. N., & Inzlicht, M. (2011). Ironic effects of antiprejudice messages: How motivational interventions can reduce (but also increase) prejudice. Psychological Science, 22(12), 1472-1477.
Livingston, R. W., & Brewer, M. B. (2002). What are we really priming? cue-based versus category-based processing of facial stimuli. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(1), 5-18.
Motyl, M., Hart, J., Pyszczynski, T., Weise, D., Maxfield, M., & Siedel, A. (2011). Subtle priming of shared human experiences eliminates threat-induced negativity toward arabs, immigrants, and peace-making. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(6), 1179-1184.
Oth, V. T., Lindner, N. M., & Nosek, B. A. (2010). Do unto others: Effects of priming the golden rule on buddhists and christians attitudes toward gay people. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 49(3), 494-506.
Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C. M., & Park, B. (2001). Evaluative versus conceptual judgments in automatic stereotyping and prejudice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37(3), 244-252.
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.454.6493&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Article Religiosity and Prejudice Revisited: In-Group Favoritism, Ou...
Hello,
The following are examples of self-report measures (thermometer scales and written attitude measures) that worked in various experimental designs...
Araya, T., Akrami, N., Ekehammar, B., & Hedlund, L. E. (2002). Reducing prejudice through priming of control-related words. Experimental Psychology, 49(3), 222.
Crone, T. S., & Beike, D. R. (2012). Priming the nonconscious goal to self-actualize: Can even the highest order goals be primed nonconsciously? The Humanistic Psychologist, 40(3), 274-282.
Degner, J., & Wentura, D. (2010). Automatic prejudice in childhood and early adolescence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(3), 356-374.
Degner, J., & Wentura, D. (2011). Types of automatically activated prejudice: Assessing possessor-versus other-relevant valence in the evaluative priming task. Social Cognition, 29(2), 182.
Devine, P. G., Plant, E. A., Amodio, D. M., Harmon-Jones, E., & Vance, S. L. (2002). The regulation of explicit and implicit race bias: The role of motivations to respond without prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(5),
Johnson, M. K., Rowatt, W. C., & LaBouff, J. (2010). Priming Christian religious concepts increases racial prejudice. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1(2), 119-126.
http://pres-outlook.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/https:__bearspace.baylor.edu_Wade_Rowatt_www_articles_Johnson%20et%20al%202010%20SPPS.pdf
Johnson, M. K., Rowatt, W. C., & LaBouff, J. (2010). "Priming christian religious concepts increases racial prejudice": Erratum. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1(3), 288. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/900619054?accountid=13608
Johnson, M. K., Rowatt, W. C., & LaBouff, J. P. (2012). Religiosity and prejudice revisited: In-group favoritism, out-group derogation, or both?. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 4(2), 154.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Megan_Shen/publication/232549172_Religiosity_and_Prejudice_Revisited_In-Group_Favoritism_Out-Group_Derogation_or_Both/links/53e26c350cf216e8321b69c9.pdf
Legault, L., Gutsell, J. N., & Inzlicht, M. (2011). Ironic effects of antiprejudice messages: How motivational interventions can reduce (but also increase) prejudice. Psychological Science, 22(12), 1472-1477.
Livingston, R. W., & Brewer, M. B. (2002). What are we really priming? cue-based versus category-based processing of facial stimuli. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(1), 5-18.
Motyl, M., Hart, J., Pyszczynski, T., Weise, D., Maxfield, M., & Siedel, A. (2011). Subtle priming of shared human experiences eliminates threat-induced negativity toward arabs, immigrants, and peace-making. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(6), 1179-1184.
Oth, V. T., Lindner, N. M., & Nosek, B. A. (2010). Do unto others: Effects of priming the golden rule on buddhists and christians attitudes toward gay people. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 49(3), 494-506.
Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C. M., & Park, B. (2001). Evaluative versus conceptual judgments in automatic stereotyping and prejudice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37(3), 244-252.
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.454.6493&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Article Religiosity and Prejudice Revisited: In-Group Favoritism, Ou...
Have you considered using the Implicit Attitude Test (https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/takeatest.html)?
Hello Dariusz
As you can infer from the comments above, there are many studies about prejudice/racism and attempts to qualitatively "measure” and classify such attitudes among samples of individuals.
What emerges from most of them is that it is difficult to establish a scale because one is dealing with human behavior which by definition varies tremendously even inside smaller of more or less homogeneous groups.
Furthermore, such difficulty is amplified by the very large number of variables that influence the manifestation of such attitudes and not only the usual behavioral research categories such as gender, ethnicity, nationality, religious believes, etc.
There is, however, a very interesting paper, available on the internet, that discusses one of most applied and recent prejudice scales, conceived by Pettigrew and Meerten:
Gattino, S., Miglietta, A., & Testa, S. (2008). Dimensionality in Pettigrew and Meertens’ blatant subtle prejudice scale. TPM—Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 15, 135-151.
downloadable from: http://www.tpmap.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/15.3.2.pdf;
see also: Pettigrew, T. F., & Meertens, R. W. (2001). In defence of the subtle prejudice concept: A retort. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 299-309
You may also wish to research the following studies:
· Kinder and Sears: Symbolic Racism Scale
In: Fiske, S. T., & and North, M. S. Measures of Stereotyping and Prejudice: Barometers of Bias. Princeton University.
downloadable from: http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/1605966/24201752/1389641568813/North_Measures.pdf
· McConahay, Hardee, and Batts Scale
McConahay, J. B., Hardee, B. B., & Batts, V. (1981). Has racism declined in America? It depends on who is asking and what is asked. Journal of conflict Resolution, 25(4), 563-579.
· Kleinpenning and Hagendoorn: Aversive Racism Scale
Kleinpenning, G., & Hagendoorn, L. (1993). Forms of racism and the cumulative dimension of ethnic attitudes. Social Psychology Quarterly, 21-36.
· Selznick and Steinberg: Anti-Semitism Scale
G. Selznick, G. & Steinberg, S. (1969) The Tenacity of Prejudice: Anti-Semitism in Contemporary America. New York: Harper.
Good luck
Tom
Hello, Dariusz
There is a very interesting scale developed by Costa, Machado, Bandeira and Nardi (2016) to assess prejudice against sexual and gender diversity in Brazil. It was created to meet the need for a measure that would specifically assess Brazilian cultural aspects of such phenomenon. Here, the prejudice against non-normative gender expressions is particularly intertwined with the prejudice against non-normative sexual orientations.
You can have the revised version of the scale here (validation study): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27715830
Reference
Costa, A. B., Machado, W. de L., Bandeira, D. R., & Nardi, H. C. (2016). Validation study of the Revised Version of the Scale of Prejudice Against Sexual and Gender Diversity in Brazil. Journal of Homosexuality, 63(11), 1446-1463. doi:10.1080/00918369.2016.1222829
- Badges
- Science topic
- Similar topics
- Psychology
- Social Psychology