Frankly, there is too little data to give a full, specific answer (Which form of PANI do you have prior to the reaction (leucoemeraldine/emeraldine base/emeraldine salt/ pernigraniline)? What ions is it doped with?). In general, the first aniline will be doped with sulfate(VI) ions (assuming APS = ammonium persulfate), the second will be doped with chloride ions. Assuming that the same doping level is achieved, PANI-Cl (chloride-doped) should show higher conductivity, as per the following work: Article Comparative studies of solid-state synthesized polyaniline d...

Assuming that you are oxidising the emeraldine base form of PANI, the first process (assuming that Ox/M = moles oxidant per mole of aniline repeat units in the emeraldine base) will yield a product with higher conductivity, but only because there will be not enough of the oxidiser to fully transform the EB into (the very poorly conducting) pernigraniline, while in the second case, the entire EB will be transformed into pernigraniline.

You can check it practically using 4 probe system. You can deposit film on the 4 probe system and apply 4 probe law to obtain the conductivity for each material ( you can find more information on it from google). Moreover, you can press a disk from each material at a definite pressure then apply law of R=(Ro)L/A, where conductivity=1/(Ro).

thanks all

an u help me plz: Why elemental analysis (CHN) PANI show in my reaction: C/N raito is 5? elemental analysis (CHN) PANI show in my reaction: C/N ratio is 5. why?

Is the ratio approx. 5.14? This is because your elemental analysis setup gives you the contents of atoms in the sample in the form of weight contents, not molar contents. That is, for a hypothetical C6H5N repeat unit, you would get the (weight content) results of 79.1% C, 5.5% H and 15.4% N rather than the (molar content) results of 50.0% C, 41.7% H and 8.3% N.

The above assumes a perfect elemental analysis machine, without any experimental error. In terms of actual experiments, the error for the elemental analysis determination tends to be significant and can be dependent on the content of the particular element in the sample - if you have a sample containing 20% C, the error might be +/- 0.2% C, while for a sample containing 2% C, the error might be +/- 0.4% C. As such, your C/N ratio of 5 may also come from experimental uncertainty - this is best verified by doing several elemental analyses and averaging the results. I am uncertain if there is a global "sweet spot" for the number of analyses to be averaged, but for our purposes, 25 results are usually used.

thanks Tomasz

the ratio approx i.s 4.92

I would say "similar enough", but you should check if this deviation form 5.14 is within the bounds of the experimental uncertainty of the elemental analysis appartus. If not, we can suspect another factor interfering, such as possible defects in the polymer structure (possibly over-oxidative in origin).

sorry, friends, all these answers are not sufficient and not leading to optimal results; my suggestion is:

- take p-toluene sulfonic acid as dopant

- polymerize at low temperature (3 - 5 °C) using APS, and make sure the temperature will not inrease by more than 1 or 2 degrees

- after filtration, intensive washing (DI water) and drying, you should disperse PAni and deposit it carefully as a film

I suggest to read and follow these patents:

Patent Dispersions of intrinsically conductive polymers

Patent Intrinsically conductive polymer in the form of a dispersibl...

You will learn more about the scientific background when studying these book chapters:

Chapter Metallic Properties of Conductive Polymers due to Dispersion

Chapter Conductive Polymers as Organic Nanometals

I just uploaded one more patent which will help you to generate outstanding good results:

Patent Dispersions of intrinsically conductive polymers

Here are the results (telling you about structure and conductivity):

Article New Insight into Organic Metal Polyaniline Morphology and Structure

Article EPR study of polyaniline highly doped by p-toluenesulfonic acid

Article EPR study of charge transfer in polyaniline highly doped by ...

Intrinsic conductivity this way can reach 10^5 S/cm.

Dear Bernhard Wessling

thank u

and thank all

After going through lots of literature, I have found that the conductivity of PANI depends on many factors.

1. PANI doped with PTSA

2.APS as oxidizing agent(Aniline:APS=1:1.25 optimized)

3.Low temperature(-50 deg celcius to 5 deg celcius)

4. pH should be

@Tapas, yes, but not only: the conductivity depends a lot on the dispersion degree, morphology (how are the particles arranged with relation to each other)

- and the inner structure (inside the primary particles) as shown in one of my papers mentioned above:

Article New Insight into Organic Metal Polyaniline Morphology and Structure

Bernhard Wessling how best can we improve the dispersibility (especially for rGO/PANI) in NMP apart from long durations of ultrasonication and using surfactants like CTAB ?

Mariam K. Ali I would assume that rGO itself first would be hard to disperse, or if: it would loose its graphene-typical properties - or?

- let me ask: what did you with graphene alone first?

- and why do you want to make a rGO/PAni composite?

Mariam K. Ali wouldn't it be better to start a new question with your topic? (the topic here is misleading, I think)

Dear prof Bernhard Wessling I want your mail plz. thank you

Fatemeh Sadegh do you want my email address? Here it is: [email protected] (LaoWei COnsulting is my Chinese technical & scientific consulting company)