CO2 Sequestration [Thermodynamics; Super-Critical CO2; Critical Temperature; Critical Pressure]
1. When will the injected super-critical CO2 tend to approach its critical temperature (where, the properties of gaseous and liquid phase CO2 gets converged; resulting in only one phase @ critical point; and thereby becoming a homogeneous super-critical CO2 – as the heat of vaporization remains to be zero @ & beyond the critical)?
2. Can we expect the temperature of the injected super-critical CO2, into the aquifer, to reach above the critical temperature @ any point (where, CO2 gets modified to a solid form with sufficient pressure, even though, CO2 cannot get translated into its liquid form with increased pressure)?
3. How would we go about modeling the space- and time-dependent nature of CO2’s physical properties, if they, keep on oscillating between gaseous-phase properties and liquid-phase properties (for example, the density of super-critical CO2 tending to approach to that of the in-situ brine; viscosity of CO2 remaining similar to the actual CO2’s gaseous nature; while the diffusivity of CO2 keep oscillating between its respective gaseous- and liquid-states.)?
4. What is the physical significance of having an elevated thermal conductivity of super-critical CO2 – near its critical point?
5. Since, @ nearer to the critical point, CO2 is going to physically behave more like a gas, and, very less like a liquid, whether the surface tension of CO2 would tend to approach zero?
6. When could we expect the pressure of the injected super-critical CO2 to reach above its critical point, where, the relative permeability of CO2 is expected to have a very steep gradient with pressure (associated with a high sensitivity on the density of CO2)?
7. If the solubility changes and mass transfer ratios of CO2 remain to be very critical – nearer its critical point, then, how exactly, will we able to deduce the rate of dissolution of CO2 at the interface between top CO2 layer and its underlying formation brine layer?
Will we be able to capture the thickness of the newly developed interface layer (in between top layer with CO2; and bottom layer with initial in-situ brine) that remains relatively heavier than both initial CO2 gas and original in-situ brine?
Under such circumstances, would it remain feasible to distinguish between convective dissolution and diffusive dissolution that remains to be a complex of – not only, on the injected super-critical CO2, but also, on the nature aquifer rock properties and aquifer’s slope and bedding inconfirmity?
Suresh Kumar Govindarajan
Professor (HAG) IIT-Madras
https://home.iitm.ac.in/gskumar/
https://iitm.irins.org/profile/61643
04-August-2024
elevated thermal conductivity of supercritical CO2 near its critical point it makes it a versatile and efficient medium for various industrial and environmental applications.
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