Does citation increase based on the quality of the papers, visibility, innovation, and so on? Or is it influenced by the author's name, country, affiliation, and other factors? In other words, is there bias in this matter?
Of course there is bias there. If you e.g. make a claim in a publication and want to support it with a suitable reference, a reference by a Nobel laureate will generate more trust than that of a lesser known scientist, even though the lesser known guy may have said it first. It would of course be a better practice to co-cite both of them, but quite often that isn't done and so the famous scientist's citation index increases even further.
Both. Both authorial background and analyzing the quality of the work and/or its gaps to obtain quality for your research
Both. The innovation, new findings will contribute to visibility of the papers. Indirectly, this acknowledgement will also boost the authors performance based on citations and etc. Hence, both are included.
Asking about bias, yes there is bias. Sometimes, the paper cited are not based on his/her new findings but due to some of relevant statements which supported others research project. Citation can be bias for those that have many years of submission. Therefore, a good normalisation process is a need to removed the skewness in citation analysis. Pls refer to normalisation suggested by Mike Thelwall (2016).
There are studies on this.
There absolutely IS bias.
There is STILL bias against women, "foreign"-sounding names, writing that suggests the author's first language is not English, the country of origin, and a host of other things.
My publications would get accepted more readily if my name were Kevin instead of Katrin.
"Blind" review isn't really blind. I can often tell who the author is by their references.
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