there is a whole family of polymers named "water-soluble polymers", mainly polyacrylamides, which fulfill your need. There are books and series of publications of well recognized scientists on this topic, as an example Prof. Charles C. McCormick group at the university of southern Mississippi and others. Regards
Here you have some examples of very popular water soluble polymers: Poly(methacrylic acid) PMMA, Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) or ionic polymers as Polystyrene sulfonates, quaternized poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) or Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH). I hope that you will find it useful.