From L'arc électrique by Serge Vacquié:
"The movement of the cathode foot is sensitive to many parameters such as the nature of the electrode material, the conditions of electric field at the surface of the electrodes, the conditions of preheating of the electrode or ionization of the region in front of the cathodic foot ."
Links below may help:
http://www.fabricatingandmetalworking.com/2011/10/the-world-is-not-flat-tips-to-improve-out-of-position-welding-part-two-stick-welding/
http://www.silversmithing.com/puk.htm
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214914715000434
http://machinedesign.com/archive/making-short-work-small-welds
https://www.google.com/search?q=electrode+material+vs+arc+welding+movement+2016&sa=N&rlz=1T4GGHP_enUS446US446&biw=1242&bih=515&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&ved=0ahUKEwikvLbdta3MAhUTzCYKHVxiCvI4FBCwBAhE
http://www.bostoncommons.net/invention-aluminum-welding/
http://www.westermans.com/subarcwelding.aspx
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