Hello,

Because of contributing specific rate of matter and energy, a new climate condition can cause a specific level of environmental exchange of energy and matter. During a specific time period climate leads a specific ecosystem which contains organic and inorganic Materials. As a result, if climate condition varies in an ecosystem, the organic and inorganic material of ecosystem will change consequently. In the study of past, there are many environment, known as Archive, that preserve the traces of past environmental changes. These are some of the well known archives: Marine and lake sediment, ice core, tree ring, coral, speleothems and etc. In the study of past climates, known as paleoclimatology, climate proxies are preserved physical characteristics of the past that stand in for direct measurements (as statistical proxies), to enable scientists to reconstruct the climatic condition that prevailed during much of the Earth's history. These are some of the important proxies: pollen analysis, plant macrofossil analysis, diatom analysis, ostracoda analysis, magnetic susceptibility, isotope analysis, etc. by the way, I recommend you study some text books of the paleoclimatology for better understanding fundamental of the past climate changes and paleoclimatology methods.

Good luck.

Hi 

You Should find this article:Last Glacial Maximum climate in New Zealand inferred from a modelled Southern Alps icefield" 

Nicholas R. Golledge et al.,

There are a very interesting methods and models about paleoclimat and perhaps you can use that. 

Hi Melody,

The book "Paleoclimatology" by Raymond S. Bradley provides a good, up-to-date overview of the field: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780123869135

All the best,

Anders

Hi Melody.

I recommend a classic text in dendroclimatology "Tree rings and climate" by H. C. Fritts. The book has a thorough introduction to the subject and many practical examples.

Sincerely,

Markus

Thanks every one for your attention. they are really helpful .

Hi Melody,

I recommend you

Combining Small Vertebrate Marine and Stable Isotope Data to Reconstruct Past Environements J Rofes ; N. Garcia-Ibaibarriaga; M. Aguirre; B Martinez-Garcia; L. Ortega; M. C. Zuluaga; S. Bailon; A. Alonso-Olazabal; J. Castaños & X. Murelaga. Scientific Reports 5, Article number: 14219 (2015)

http://www.nature.com/articles/srep14219

You can read the following papers which will give you some geochemical methods used in paleoclimate reconstructions.

Article Inter-basaltic clay (bole bed) horizons from Deccan traps of...

Article Preliminary comparison of ancient bole beds and modern soils...

Article Flood basalt hosted palaeosols: Potential palaeoclimatic ind...

Dear Melody,

I can add to the previous interesting replies that pollen analysis is among the most common biostratigraphical record used in palaeoenvironmental reconstructions, and therefore climate of the past. The highest resolution is obtained for the Late Quaternary.

Moreover, the scientific journal 'Climate of the past' offers speciality papers for free consultation, as it is online and open access.

Greetings

Anna Maria

Hi Melody,

I recommend Earth's Climate Past and Future by Ruddiman.

Hope the book can help you.

HI

thanks you all Ladies And Gentleman for your attention 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 . 

Due to your guidance, I could I find useful information .

You could read one or more text books. "Paleoclimatology" by Raymond S. Bradley is a good one for a general understanding of paleoclimatology. You should also be clear what time-scales and objectives you are going to focus on, and choose to read the specific books or papers in your field.