The relevant mathematical tool, fractal interpolation, allows to interpolate the resolved velocity with fields that have fluctuations down to much smaller scales and to compute the required stresses explicitly. In one dimension, the approach is used in the context of the coarse-grained Burgers equation. Then, fractal interpolation is extended to three dimensions and is used to formulate a subgrid model for the filtered Navier–Stokes equations. The model is applied to LES (large eddy simulation) of both steady and freely decaying isotropic turbulence
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