Hi,
I had met with the statement that Alzheimer's disease is type 3 diabetes and that the insulin resistance damages brain cells. While in the literature the brain is described as an insulin independent organ.
What is your opinion?
Do you know some papers that can dispell doubts?
Mikołaj
Dear Mikolaj,
I think the following recent papers will help you on the subject:
De Felice FG, Lourenco MV, Ferreira ST. How does brain insulin resistance develop in Alzheimer's disease? Alzheimers Dement 2014;10(1 Suppl):S26-32. https://www.alzheimersanddementia.com/article/S1552-5260(13)02918-X/pdf
Kullmann S, Heni M, Hallschmid M, Fritsche A, Preissl H, Häring HU. Brain insulin resistance at the crossroads of metabolic and cognitive disorders in humans. Physiol Rev 2016;96(4):1169-209. https://www.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/physrev.00032.2015?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed#
Neth BJ, Craft S. Insulin resistance and Alzheimer's disease: Bioenergetic linkages. Front Aging Neurosci 2017;9:345. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5671587/pdf/fnagi-09-00345.pdf
Marciniak E, Leboucher A, Caron E, Ahmed T, Tailleux A, Dumont J, et al. Tau deletion promotes brain insulin resistance. J Exp Med 2017;214(8):2257-2269. http://jem.rupress.org/content/214/8/2257
Chatterjee S, Mudher A. Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes: A critical assessment of the shared pathological traits. Front Neurosci 2018;12:383. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6008657/pdf/fnins-12-00383.pdf
Lee HJ, Seo HI, Cha HY, Yang YJ, Kwon SH, Yang SJ. Diabetes and Alzheimer's disease: Mechanisms and nutritional aspects. Clin Nutr Res 2018;7(4):229-240. https://e-cnr.org/Synapse/Data/PDFData/9994CNR/cnr-7-229.pdf
Lee J, Kim J, Shin SA, Park S, Yoon DH, Kim H, et al. Moderating effect of insulin resistance on the relationship between gray matter volumes and cognitive function. J Clin Med 2018;7(11):E413. https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/7/11/413/htm
Tumminia A, Vinciguerra F, Parisi M, Frittitta L. Type 2 Diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease: Role of insulin signalling and therapeutic implications. Int J Mol Sci 2018;19(11).E3306. https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/11/3306/htm
Cardoso S, Moreira PI. Diabesity and brain disturbances: A metabolic perspective. Mol Aspects Med. 2018 Oct 15. pii: S0098-2997(18)30079-7. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.10.002. [Epub ahead of print]. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328301244_Diabesity_and_brain_disturbances_A_metabolic_perspective
Best regards from Germany,
Martin
Dear Mikolaj,
This is a great question. We are well known that most of our body cells have glucose transporter system which mostly mediated by insulin. However, a number of cells uptakes glucose without insulin mediation. Thus, in hyperglycaemic conditions such as insulin resistance these cells are more affected and most of diabetes complications observe in these cells due to glucose over uptake ...thus, midlife type 2 diabetes was not simply a vascular risk factor but rather had a more general negative effect on brain integrity. It could directly affect nerve cell and synapse physiology, perhaps by enhancing Alzheimer-type neurodegeneration, or the loss of brain volume could be separate though additive with Alzheimer pathology.
All the best,
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