I want to increase the conductivity of ZnO by co-doping. What are the co-doping couples to improve the conductivity of ZnO?
Cobalt doping increases the electron concentration, which in turn enhances the electrical conductivity with doping. The activation energy measured from conductivity for the undoped ZnO (0.1 M nitrate) was 56.63 meV, which is very close to the exciton binding energy (60 meV) of ZnO.
Try Ag, Mn, Al etc at the cationic site and chalcogens at the anionic site. But, first decide you want to increase electron or hole-based conductivity. As ZnO is already a good n-type material, increasing electron-based conductivity is a better choice always.
Dear Noubeil Guermat
Co-doping is a promising strategy that can be used for effectively enhanced electronic properties and magnetic properties. It can enhance the solubility of dopants and improve the stability of desired defects. This strategy has been proposed for solving the problems of bipolar doping and compensation in semiconductors. In general, co-doping can be efficient for increasing the dopant solubility, increasing the activation rate by lowering the ionization energy of acceptors and donors, and increasing the charge carrier mobility. Enhanced dopant incorporation is especially significant under nonequilibrium growth conditions owing to the introduction of new chemical species as co-dopants. Transition metal such as (Co, Mn, Ni, Fe, etc. ) co-doped ZnO is the best selection for increasing the defect concentrations which in turn enhance the conductivity.
Regards
You can easily dope Al or B for increasing the conductivity of the ZnO films.
Dear Noubeil Guermat! Maybe next two papers will be helpful:
Doping effects on electrical and optical properties of spin-coated ZnO thin films,
Highly Sensitive ZnO(Ga, In) for Sub-ppm Level NO2 Detection: Effect of Indium Content .
Porter, H. L., A. L. Cai, J. F. Muth, and J. Narayan. "Enhanced photoconductivity of ZnO films Co-doped with nitrogen and tellurium." Applied Physics Letters 86, no. 21 (2005): 211918.
The Co-doped ZnO nanoparticles showed the maximum solubility limit. The XRD patterns confirm the hexagonal type wurtzite structure without the secondary phase in Co substituted ZnO samples. Cobalt substitution increases resistivity, reduces grain growth, lower particle size, and increases in activation energy.
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