I have not researched this, but used a few indicators. At the 2 years or greater level, you should be able to see stunting of tree height, diameter. If you dig down, roots will be j rooted (divert to horizontal). True compaction from heavy equipment on certain soils is often at about 18-24 inches. Shallow rooting grasses or forbs may not be good indicators. Researcher Henry Froelich was one of the names I seem to remember relative to soil compaction research from Oregon. Sampling for bulk density, porosity was sometimes done. There is a difference between compaction and rutting. Compaction cannot be easily seen as rutting. On compacted soils, we sometimes used rippers 18-24 inches deep. Rippers attached to front of dozer could break through more compaction, but rear rippers were also sometimes used. Our soil scientist (Dennis Law) suggested fertilization of compacted soils another way to help reduce effects and improve root penetration and density.

Dear Ruben

Have a look at these attachments, hope be useful.

https://www.ncrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/jrnl/1997/nc_1997_juzwik_001.pdf

Article Soil compaction management and soybean yields with cover cro...

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2009.00236.x

I hope these articles might come in handy for you.

http://www.fdot.gov/research/completed_proj/summary_cn/fdot_bb890_2_rpt.pdf

https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/MIST/article/download/8046/6008

to make the effects and results of testing you have performs more accuratly you need to determine soil texture and measure the soil wetness every time you do soil sampling to know was it or not compacted.

i suggest you need to read all about Daniel Hillel papers and books concerning soil physics.