I feel autonomy and competence are very much defined by the community and I would like to hear others experiences in this.
You can start with Hmel & Pincus, 2002 (The Meaning of Autonomy: On and Beyond the Interpersonal Circumplex) + Kagitcibasi, 2005 (Autonomy and Relatedness in Cultural Context Implications for Self and Family).
SDT people provide also cross-cultural comparisons from a more universalist perspective: Chirkov et al., 2003 (Differentiating autonomy from individualism and independence: A self-determination theory perspective on internalization of cultural orientations and well-being).
Dear Farzaneh, I think you may find the following texts helpful:
First, a target article on the issue which is discussed critically and interestingly by other authors in the very same issue of "Psychological Inquiry":
Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “What” and “Why” of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–268.
Second, a critical overview on current research:
Keller, H. (2012), Autonomy and relatedness revisited: Cultural manifestations of universal human needs. Child Development Perspectives, 6, 12–18. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00208.x
Third, considerations on the topic with a focus on the familial domain:
Dear Ms yazdani
It is taken for granted that psychological traits like autonomy and competence can by no means be defined in a decontextualized fashion , and these characteristics are treated entirely differently in different countries.
what is considered ''autonomous '' in a culture might be libeled and degraded as selfishness, isolation, alienation, aloofness, or even sociopathy in other cultures for instance. The fundamental problem afflicting all psychological features is the inevitable fact that they tend to merge into each other and coming up with strict boundaries and lines separating them is a formidable task indeed.
good luck with your research
a.
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