Hi Hamad,

You have data from the Likert scale so this variable(s) will be directly observed.

mark

Hi Hamad,

You have data from the Likert scale so this variable(s) will be directly observed.

mark

The variables themselves are directly observed, however they are typically used to create one or more latent variables. For instance, if I have a 3-item depression measure, those three items would be observed, but they would create a single latent variable called "depression"

Broadly speaking, you can use (almost) any combination of latent and observed variables in SEM. The point is to set up a model that represents your assumptions (like a set of observed variables measuring an unobserved latent factor), and then test that model against the data.