Biofilm-forming pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus often induce immune suppression, allowing them to evade host defenses and persist in chronic infections. This immune suppression involves reduced phagocytic activity, downregulated cytokine production, and impaired activation of immune cells. In contrast, immune activation or stimulation aims to restore and enhance the host’s immune response against biofilm-associated bacteria. Strategies to overcome this suppression include the use of immunomodulatory agents, peptides, or nanoparticles that boost innate and adaptive immunity, promote cytokine release, and enhance the clearance of biofilm-embedded bacteria, thereby improving treatment outcomes.
Probiotic and Gut Microbiome Therapy can help restore immune function suppressed by biofilm infections . Probiotic and Gut Microbiome Therapy Restoration of gut flora via probiotics may enhance systemic immunity and modulate inflammation.
In the case of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation on orthopedic implants, copper-coated carbon-infiltrated carbon nanotube (CuCICNT) surfaces have been shown to effectively inhibit both S. aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation (publication in press). Additionally, carbon-infiltrated carbon nanotube (CICNT) surfaces have been shown to reduce S. aureus biofilm growth [https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/15/7/510]; [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-46748-y]. These studies may offer insights into biofilm clearance and potential strategies to improve treatment outcomes.
1.One promising strategy involves the use of biofilm-dispersing agents such as DNase, dispersin B, or quorum sensing inhibitors to break down the extracellular matrix, thereby exposing bacteria to the immune system. Once the biofilm is disrupted, immune cells regain access and functionality, improving bacterial clearance.
2.Another approach is to enhance the host's innate immunity using immunomodulators like cytokines (e.g., IL-12 or IFN-γ) or trained immunity activators. These agents can reprogram immune cells to become more responsive, even in the immunosuppressive environment caused by biofilms.