This isn't a physiological test, however many studies that aim to quantify impulsivity (including physiological studies; see Kaladjian et al., 2011. Psychological Medicine, 41, 291-299) will use the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11; Patton, Stanford & Barratt, 1995. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51, 768-74) or UPPS Impulsive Behaviour Scale (Whiteside & Lynam, 2001. The five factor model and impulsivity: using a structural model of personality to understand impulsivity. Personality and. Individual Differences, 30, 669–689).
Otherwise, while not standardized, performance on the Go-NoGo task (as well as psychophysiological measures such as the P300 event-related potential) has been used as a proxy for impulsivity (see Dong et al., 2010. Neuroscience Letters, 485, 138-142).
Other non-physiological tests are Continuous Performance Tasks (CPT), namely: Integrated Visual and Auditory CPT (IVA Plus), Tests of Variables of Attention (TOVA), and Conners' CPT-II.