Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) from the Xanthomonas (and Ralstonia) are proteins with the remarkable ability to directly bind the promoters of genes in the plant host to induce their expression, which often helps bacterial colonization (Alvaro L. Perez-Quintero and Boris Szurek) A Decade Decoded: Spies and Hackers in the History of TAL Effectors Research. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2019. 57:459–81). Are they really Xanthomonas+Ralstonia- specific genes? Are TALEs specific for T3SS only, or they can be translocated by other secretion systems?