"layered composites" refers to how composites are formed. "structural composites" refers to what composites are used for once they are formed. Generally you would layer composites to form a structure. For instance, you may use several layers of carbon fiber oriented in different directions with a specific epoxy to give you the properties you need. The number of layers and epoxy may differ depending on the weight, strength, and flexibility your structure will need. You could layer the carbon fiber and epoxy on a wing form so that once it has set, the layered composite forms an airfoil. The airfoil will be the structural composite for a drone wing.

Laminated composites are one kind of strucural composites which the alayers containing directional fibers and matrix are overlapped/arranged conveniently according to each loading objective.

For example, sandwich panels is another type of strucutral composites, with different arrangements and intended, normally, for lightweigth applications.

Please, see the classical book: Composite Materials in Maritime Structures of Shenoi and Wellicome, vol. 1.