Hello,

I would like to test the quality of aposematic signals on insect predators, but I am faced with a potential problem. For example, I was hoping to use ladybugs as predators, but they too are aposematic. Say that the prey tested sequesters glucosinolates or cardenolides, which are different from the toxins used by ladybugs (alkaloids), will tolerance be the same as for nontoxic predators, or will they have a natural ability to tolerate the toxins? In other words, do aposematic insects have a higher tolerance for toxins other than those they usually sequester?

I really appreciate any help you can provide.

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