The figure speaks of two ways of testing from a scientific point of view. One way is to validate theories. The other way is to falsify them with data. The various items in the figure fall under one or the other categories. There are other way that might be subsumed in the figure such as when scientist follow a paradigm in the view of Thomas Kuhn or a research program in the view of Imre Lakatos. It is also hard to see the dialectical process in the figure, which is also a basis for scientific analysis.