Why Thickness of the PbS thin films decreased with increase of Al concentartion?

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Yuri Mirgorod

Srinivasa Reddy Tippasani

Aluminum reacts with lead sulfide.

3PbS+2Al= 3Pb + Al2S3. Therefore thin films decreased with increase of Al concentration

Syed Hammad Raza

Incorporation vs. Substitution: When Al is introduced during the deposition, it can either incorporate into the PbS crystal lattice (substitution) or form separate Al-containing phases. Substitution of Pb by Al depends on several factors, including:Ionic radii: Al has a smaller ionic radius (0.53 Å) compared to Pb (1.19 Å). This size difference can create strain in the lattice, making extensive substitution less favorable at higher Al concentrations. Charge balance: Substituting Pb with Al creates extra positive charges (Pb has +2 charge, Al has +3 charge). To maintain charge neutrality, vacancies in the sulfur (S) lattice sites might be formed, leading to incomplete film growth.

Nucleation and Growth: Higher Al concentration can influence the nucleation and growth process of the PbS film:

@Reduced nucleation sites: Al ions might occupy potential PbS nucleation sites on the substrate, hindering the initial formation of PbS nuclei. This can lead to a lower overall growth rate and a thinner film. Grain size reduction: Doping with Al might lead to smaller PbS grains in the film. Smaller grains typically require less material to fill the same area, resulting in a thinner film.

Etching effect: Depending on the specific CBD process conditions, some Al species might act as a mild etching agent towards the PbS film during deposition. This could contribute to a slight decrease in film thickness, particularly at higher Al concentrations

Charafeddine Sedrati

The addition of Al dopants can alter the chemical reactions occurring during film deposition. This modification may lead to changes in precursor availability, reactivity, or stability, ultimately affecting the growth rate and resulting in thinner films. Also, Al dopants may influence the crystallite size and orientation of the PbS thin films. Higher concentrations of aluminum ions could lead to smaller crystallite sizes due to the incorporation of Al atoms into the PbS lattice or the formation of secondary phases. Smaller crystallite sizes often result in thinner films due to decreased grain coalescence during film growth.