I am making perovskite solar cells to be applied for tandem cells and so far, all cells sputtered with top ITO has short-circuited. Does anyone know how to solve this problem? I am using 20nm MoOx on top of the HTL layer and the ITO is 150nm thick. Thank you in advance!
Increase distance between ITO target and substrate holder. It may be possible that high energy sputtered particles are penetrating the active layer. You can also reduce the power density.
Adding to Chandra,
Did you measure the solar cell before the sputtering of the ITO layer? In order to trouble shoot the short circuit it is required to investigate the solar cell by the following tests;
Using microscope for optical inspection for the presence of pinholes
Testing the i-v characteristics for detecting whether prior shorts exists before the sputtering ITO.
If there is no pin holes and there is no prior shorts then the hypothesis of Chandra may be probable.
Best wishes
Thank you Dr.Singh and Dr.Zekry, I made reference cells to compare with the ITO sputtered samples and there are no presence of short-circuit in non-ITO sputtered cells; therefore, I will try increase the distance betweent the ITO target and substrate holder.
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